Cov qauv sau ntawv yog ib feem ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm hom lus. Ib feem tseem ceeb heev vim nws kawm txog cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov kab lus, cov qauv tsim ntawm ntau cov kab lus thiab kab lus, txo cov qauv no rau hauv ib qho kev cai ntawm kev cai
Lus 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Lo lus mess txhais li cas? Nws tuaj qhov twg los ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus? Lo lus no txhais li cas? Tsab xov xwm nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus kavardak, nws cov lus sib dhos, etymology. Kuj tseem muaj cov lus piv txwv
Spelling adverbs feem ntau nyuaj. Ib qho kev siv tsis raug ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev sau ntawv yog kev siv tsis raug ntawm kev sau ntawv txuas ntxiv thiab cais ntawm cov ntawv "thaum pib" thiab "thaum pib". Txhawm rau zam qhov yuam kev no, ib tus yuav tsum nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv ntawm grammatical thiab semantic ntawm ob hom lus thiab kawm txoj cai rau lawv siv
Tau qhov kev txawj ntawm kev tsim cov kab lus tseem ceeb heev. Qhov kev txawj no yuav tso cai rau koj taug qab cov kab ke ntawm kev tsim cov lus tshiab thiab yav tom ntej kom tsis txhob muaj qhov yuam kev loj hauv kev hais lus thaum tsim cov lus
Peb tau hnov cov lus hais tias "kev txom nyem ntawm txoj hmoo" thiab zoo li cas! Nws muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si hais lus thiab hauv phau ntawv. Tab sis tsuas yog ob peb tus paub tias qhov nce thiab nqis yog dab tsi, thiab lo lus no tuaj ntawm qhov twg. Cia peb sau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kawm
Influx - yog dab tsi? Lo lus no txhais li cas? Thiab nws tuaj qhov twg? Hauv peb tsab xov xwm koj yuav pom cov lus teb rau tag nrho cov lus nug no. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav qhia koj txog dab tsi yog hu ua tributary hauv hydrology, thiab tseem sau cov dej loj tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb
Hnub no peb yuav tham txog ib lo lus zoo uas cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm siv feem ntau siv. Sab hauv yog peb lub ntsiab lus rau kev sib tham hnub no
Thaum kawm syntax thiab cov cim cim, cov kab lus nyuaj yuav nyuaj tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj peb lossis ntau qhov kev twv. Xav txog, siv cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb, hom NGN nrog ob peb subordinate clauses, txoj kev sib txuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab subordinate hauv lawv, cov cai rau cov cim cim
Lo lus "zaum" tuaj rau peb los ntawm lus Latin. Literally punctum - "point". Punctuation yog ib qho system uas kawm cov cim cim thiab cov xwm txheej rau lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv kab lus. Puas yog nws tsim nyog siv nws? Puas yog nws tsis txaus paub txog cov tsiaj ntawv thiab muaj peev xwm sau ntawv kom nkag siab thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv?
Hnub no peb txaus siab rau lub ntsiab lus xws li "Txoj Cai". Txoj cai rau kev tsim cov kab lus no ncaj qha nyob ntawm hom mob. Peb yuav txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov kev xaiv rau cov lus pom zoo no. Muaj ntau hom kab lus raws cai. Cov kev cai rau lawv kev tsim kho yog yooj yim, tab sis tseem yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo kawm. Thaum koj nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ncauj lus, koj yuav tsis muaj teeb meem hauv kev siv cov ntawv tsim nyog, ob qho tib si hauv kev hais lus thiab sau ntawv
Cov lus nug ntawm pes tsawg kis lus Askiv siv hauv kev sau thiab hais lus tshwm sim ntau zaus ntawm cov neeg uas koom nrog txoj kev kawm no. Tam sim no nws tau dhau los ua qhov yuav tsum tau hais lus txawv teb chaws. Thiab koj tuaj yeem paub nws ntawm qib siab tsuas yog tias koj ua tib zoo kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus. Qhov no yog qhov uas peb xav tau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog pes tsawg tus neeg nouns muaj nyob rau hauv lus Askiv, lawv tsim li cas thiab thaum twg lawv yuav tsum tau siv
Modal verbs has to/yuav tsum ib txwm tsis meej pem cov neeg kawm lus Askiv. Lawv nyuaj rau paub txog cov haujlwm ntawm cov lus no. Cov kab hauv qab yog tias lawv yeej zoo sib xws hauv kev siv, tab sis tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntxoov ntxoo
Ferdinand de Saussure, uas nws biography yuav yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm peb tsab xov xwm, yog ib tug Swiss linguist uas nws ua hauj lwm tuav ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm science. Nws raug suav hais tias yog tus tsim leej txiv ntawm cov qauv lus Askiv. Nws cov ntawv sau kuj tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev qhuab qhia zoo li semiotics. Yog tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm Ferdinand de Saussure, niaj hnub kev paub lus yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau. Xws li ib tug philosophical sib xws li structuralism tshuav nws yug los rau nws
Los ntawm cov ntawv no koj tuaj yeem kawm txhua yam txog cov ntsiab lus thiab siv lawv li cas. Qhov no yuav pab, piv txwv li, hauv kev sau ib qho kev nthuav qhia, npaj rau kev rov hais dua. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem kawm paub siv lo lus tseem ceeb li cas los nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hauv Is Taws Nem
Zaj lus no hais txog qhov peculiarities ntawm kev siv cov consonants nyob rau hauv cov lus, uas yog ib txwm nyuaj: w, w, c. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau cov lus teb rau cov lus nug txog cov nqe lus twg yog sau tom qab cov ntawv w, w, c; thaum ib tug mos mos kos npe tom qab w thiab w, thiab thaum nws tsis muab tso; thaum sau eo, ё, tom qab cov cim no. Thiab rau txhua rooj plaub, cov ntaub ntawv didactic tau muab
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas muab commas thaum muab cov lus "txuas nrog qhov no". Cov rooj plaub thaum lub comma muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib qho kev tsim kho, ua ntej nws, tom qab txiav txim siab kom meej. Tag nrho cov no yog piav qhia nrog cov piv txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov ntawv siv cov lus hais ua ke
Zaj lus no yog hais txog qhov tshwm sim nthuav hauv Lavxias raws li kev pom zoo tag nrho thiab tsis yog tag nrho. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim no, ntau yam piv txwv rau txhua rooj plaub ntawm kev hloov pauv. Koj tseem tuaj yeem paub txog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus nrog kev pom zoo tag nrho thiab tsis yog tag nrho. Thaum kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm muaj cov ntawv nyeem uas cov lus no tau siv
Cov ntawv no piav qhia meej, nrog ntau yam piv txwv, yuav ua li cas sau "tawm" lossis "tawm". Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom txoj cai siv b hauv cov lus qhia tseem ceeb
Nyob hauv kab lus no koj tuaj yeem pom feem ntau ntawm cov lus uas koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov. Tsis tas li ntawd, piv txwv ntawm kev siv cov lus zoo li no hauv kab lus tau muab rau ntawm no
Cov ntawv no muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov lus ntxiv. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam piv txwv ntawm cov lus sib xyaw nrog cov hauv paus -vod-, tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv cov stems
Kab lus no muab cov lus teb rau lo lus nug uas lo lus twg muaj cov tsiaj ntawv tsis sib xws. Hais txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov muag muag, cov ntawv e, e, u, i; unpronounceable consonants; ob tug consonants; consonants pronounced nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm confluence ntawm cov ntawv. Ntau cov ntaub ntawv siv tau yuav pab koj tsim cov txuj ci ntawm kev nrhiav cov lus uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv thiab cov suab
Los ntawm kab lus no koj tuaj yeem paub qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus qhia "stab", yuav txiav txim siab li cas. Cov ntxhuav muaj cov ntaub ntawv theoretical: conjugation ntawm verbs, tus kheej xaus ntawm verbs. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsim cov koom nrog los ntawm cov lus qhia "stab" thiab lwm yam. Ntau yam piv txwv. Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev xeem ntawm lub ncauj lus "Verb conjugation"
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no koj tuaj yeem kawm txog kev sib koom ua ke: lawv yog dab tsi, lawv txawv li cas, sau lawv li cas hauv cov lus, txoj cai twg los siv. Thaum kawg, koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas cov ncauj lus tau kawm zoo npaum li cas nrog kev pab los ntawm kev xeem nrog cov lus teb
Los ntawm kab lus no koj tuaj yeem kawm txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus qhia tseem ceeb, lawv cov ntawv, tsim, sau ntawv -ь hauv cov lus qhia tseem ceeb. Kab lus muaj ib tshooj ntawm kev siv cov lus qhia tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam haujlwm: cov lus qhia ua lag luam, kev kawm algorithms, zaub mov txawv
Nyob hauv kab lus no, koj tuaj yeem kawm tag nrho cov kev sau ntawv tsis yog nrog cov lus qhia. Txhua txoj cai tau piav qhia nrog ntau yam piv txwv. Thaum kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav ib qho kev sim los kuaj xyuas qib ntawm assimilation ntawm lub ncauj lus
Lo lus "qhia" cuam tshuam nrog lo lus "kev qhia", uas txhais tau tias "hais lus". Nws txhais li cas? Tej zaum, tsis muaj lus qhia, tib neeg kev hais lus yog tsis yooj yim sua
Nyob hauv kab lus no koj tuaj yeem pom ntau cov lus sib tham nrog cov lus. Txhua riddle muaj lus teb. Tsis tas li ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus pom zoo ntawm kev siv riddles hauv zaj lus qhia nrog tus menyuam
Kab lus no hais txog kev sau cov lus nrog tus sau "Unpronounceable consonants in the root of word." Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav txoj cai nws tus kheej, ntau yam piv txwv thiab ua haujlwm. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov ntawv tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem nyiam cov menyuam yaus hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm cov ncauj lus no
Qhov tseem ceeb hauv German yog hu ua qhov tseem ceeb thiab nthuav tawm qhov kev thov rov hais dua los txhawb kev nqis tes ua. Txhawm rau tsim daim ntawv Imperative, koj yuav tsum paub tus kheej qhov xaus ntawm cov lus qhia nruj tam sim no. Tsuas yog daim ntawv ntawm tus neeg thib ob tus lej (ntawm "koj") tau tsim tshwj xeeb. Thiab lwm cov duab zoo ib yam
Tenses hauv German yog qhov nthuav dav thiab, hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov ncauj lus yooj yim kawm. Tsis zoo li lus Askiv lossis lus Mev, piv txwv li, tsis muaj ntau pawg nruj. Thiab kev siv lub sijhawm dhau los tsis yog nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm
Cov lus qhia yav dhau los hauv German yog siv peb hom: kev hais lus (Perfekt), bookish (Imperfekt, lossis Praeteritum), nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb ua ntej yav dhau los, hu ua "pluperfect"
"Habibi" yog ib lo lus nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb Arab. Txawm hais tias nws yog ib tug txiv neej lo lus, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog ib tug poj niam thiab txhais tau tias tib yam li "tus hlub." Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no "habibi" hloov lub ntsiab lus. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "phooj ywg, phooj ywg"
Lo lus "txiv hmab txiv ntoo" hauv German yog txhais los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus: das Obst thiab tuag Frucht. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus no tsis zoo ib yam li nws zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, thiab tsis yog ib txwm hloov pauv. Cov subtleties no, uas tsis yog yooj yim to taub
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub cov qhab nia German, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, vim tias thaum koj mus rau lub teb chaws hais lus German, feem ntau koj yuav yuav ib yam dab tsi, thiab rau qhov no koj yuav tsum paub cov lej. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev paub cov lej hauv German yuav pab tau thaum ntxov ntawm kev kawm cov lus kom nco qab cov cai ntawm kev nyeem ntawv
German preteritum tsis yog siv ntau npaum li qhov zoo meej (lub sijhawm dhau los zoo tag nrho), tab sis yog tsis muaj nws ib tus tsis tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv sau. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov lus bookish, nws yog daim ntawv Praeteritum uas yog feem ntau siv
Cov lus qhia lesen yog txhais ua German li "nyeem". Yog irregular. Thiab qhov no yog qhov tseeb uas ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm hom lus ntawm Schiller thiab Goethe. Cov lus qhia "lesen" tsis hloov raws li cov cai
Hauv lus Askiv, txhua tus lej tau muab faib ua cardinal thiab ordinal. Txhawm rau kom siv cov lej hauv kev hais lus kom raug, koj yuav tsum paub qee yam ntawm lawv tsim
Cov lus qhia aller belongs rau pab pawg ntawm cov lus tsis raug cai hauv Fab Kis, yog li muaj ntau yam peculiarities nyob rau hauv nws conjugation. Lawv yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm
Lub polysemantic verb faire yog siv dav hauv kev hais lus Fabkis txhua hnub, yog li koj yuav tsum paub nws qhov kev sib txuas thiab cov ntawv tshwj xeeb, tsis xwm yeem. Qhov no yuav tau tham hauv kab lus no
Cov neeg kawm lus Fab Kis tau ntsib nrog qhov xav tau los nco txog ntau yam lus, lawv qhov kawg thiab lub sijhawm. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm 3rd pab pawg neeg avoir. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub txog nws txoj kev sib txuas, vim hais tias, thawj zaug, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ruaj khov, thiab qhov thib ob, nws yog ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim ntawm ntau daim ntawv ib ntus