Hnub no peb yuav qhia rau koj paub tias cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub teeb yog dab tsi, qhov tshwm sim no tau siv li cas tam sim no thiab keeb kwm ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom yog dab tsi.
Teeb thiab qhov tsaus ntuj
Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv (los ntawm Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum mus rau cov ntawv tseeb niaj hnub) siv ob qhov kev tawm tsam no. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teeb ib txwm cim qhov pib zoo, thiab qhov tsaus ntuj - qhov phem thiab qhov phem. Yog tias koj tsis mus rau hauv metaphysics thiab nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim, ces lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib cav nyob mus ib txhis yog kev ntshai ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj, lossis qhov tsis muaj qhov kaj.
tib neeg lub qhov muag thiab cov electromagnetic spectrum
Tib neeg lub qhov muag yog tsim los kom tib neeg pom cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm ib lub wavelength. Qhov ntev tshaj plaws wavelength belongs rau lub teeb liab (λ=380 nanometers), luv tshaj - violet (λ=780 nanometers). Tag nrho cov spectrum ntawm electromagnetic oscillations yog dav dua, thiab nws qhov pom tau tsuas yog ib feem me me xwb. Ib tug neeg perceives infrared vibrations nrog rau lwm lub cev - daim tawv nqaij. Qhov no ntawm cov spectrum neeg paub tias yog cua sov. Ib tug tau pom me ntsis ultraviolet (xav txog tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Planet Ka-Pax").
xov xwm channelcov ntaub ntawv rau ib tug neeg yog qhov muag. Yog li ntawd, tib neeg poob lub peev xwm los ntsuas qhov tshwm sim ib puag ncig thaum pom lub teeb ploj tom qab hnub poob. Lub hav zoov tsaus nti ua tsis tau, txaus ntshai. Thiab qhov twg muaj kev phom sij, kuj tseem muaj kev ntshai tias ib tus neeg tsis paub yuav tuaj thiab "tom lub thoob." Cov tsiaj ntshai thiab phem nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj, tab sis cov tsiaj zoo thiab nkag siab zoo nyob hauv qhov kaj.
Ncua ntawm electromagnetic nthwv dej. Part 1: Tsawg Zog
Thaum xav txog cov tshuaj ua haujlwm ntawm lub teeb, physics txhais tau hais tias ib txwm pom spectrum.
Yuav kom nkag siab tias lub teeb yog dab tsi, koj yuav tsum xub tham txog txhua yam kev xaiv rau electromagnetic oscillations:
- xov tooj cua. Lawv lub wavelength ntev heev uas lawv tuaj yeem mus ncig lub ntiaj teb. Lawv raug cuam tshuam los ntawm txheej ionic ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab nqa cov ntaub ntawv rau tib neeg. Lawv zaus yog 300 gigahertz los yog tsawg dua, thiab lub wavelength yog los ntawm 1 millimeter los yog ntau tshaj (nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej - mus infinity).
- Infrared tawg. Raws li peb tau hais los saum no, ib tug neeg pom qhov infrared ntau yam li cua sov. Lub wavelength ntawm qhov no ntawm lub spectrum yog siab tshaj qhov pom - los ntawm 1 millimeter mus rau 780 nanometers, thiab qhov zaus yog qis dua - los ntawm 300 mus rau 429 terahertz.
- Pom spectrum. Ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov nplai uas tib neeg lub qhov muag pom tau. Wavelength ntawm 380 txog 780 nanometers, zaus ntawm 429 txog 750 terahertz.
Ncua ntawm electromagnetic nthwv dej. Ntu 2: Siab Zog
Cov nthwv dej hauv qab no muaj ob lub ntsiab lus: lawv tuag taustxaus ntshai rau lub neej, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj lawv, kev muaj sia nyob tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim.
- UV hluav taws xob. Lub zog ntawm cov photons no siab dua qhov pom pom. Lawv muab los ntawm peb lub hauv paus luminary, Lub Hnub. Thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob muaj raws li hauv qab no: wavelength ntawm 10 mus rau 380 nanometers, zaus ntawm 31014mus rau 31016Hertz.
- X-rays. Leej twg tau pob txha tawg yeej paub txog lawv. Tab sis cov nthwv dej no siv tsis yog hauv tshuaj xwb. Thiab lawv cov electrons radiate ntawm kev kub ceev, uas slows down nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog teb, los yog hnyav atoms, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug electron tau torn tawm ntawm lub puab plhaub. Wavelength los ntawm 5 picometers mus rau 10 nanometers, ntau zaus ntawm 31016 -610 19 Hertz.
- Gamma hluav taws xob. Lub zog ntawm cov nthwv dej no feem ntau coincides nrog X-rays. Lawv spectrum overlaps heev, tsuas yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb txawv. Gamma rays tsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob nuclear xwb. Tab sis, tsis zoo li X-rays, γ-kib hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog dua.
Peb tau muab cov ntu tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Txhua qhov sib txawv tau muab faib ua ntu me. Piv txwv li, "hnyav x-rays" lossis "lub tshuab nqus tsev ultraviolet" feem ntau tuaj yeem hnov. Tab sis qhov kev faib tawm no nws tus kheej yog qhov xwm txheej: nws yog qhov nyuaj rau txiav txim siab qhov twg thaj tsam ntawm ib qho thiab qhov pib ntawm lwm qhov spectrum yog.
Teeb thiab nco
Raws li peb tau hais lawm, tib neeg lub hlwb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb los ntawm kev pom. Tab sis koj yuav txuag lub sijhawm tseem ceeb li cas? Ua ntej lub invention ntawm photography (cov tshuaj lom neeg kev ua ntawm lub teeb yog txuam nrog rau qhov notxheej txheem ncaj qha), ib tus tuaj yeem sau ib qho kev xav hauv lub chaw muag mis nyuj lossis hu rau tus kws kos duab kos duab lossis duab. Thawj txoj kev ua txhaum txoj cai, qhov thib ob - tsis yog txhua tus muaj peev xwm them taus nws.
Raws li ib txwm muaj, lub caij nyoog tau pab nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab. Lub peev xwm ntawm nyiaj nitrate (AgNO3) kom tsaus ntuj hauv huab cua tau paub ntev. Raws li qhov tseeb no, ib daim duab tau tsim. Cov nyhuv tshuaj ntawm lub teeb yog tias lub zog photon pab txhawb kev sib cais ntawm cov nyiaj ntshiab ntawm nws cov ntsev. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog lub cev nkaus xwb.
Nyob rau xyoo 1725, German physicist I. G. Schultz yuam kev sib xyaw nitric acid, uas cov nyiaj tau yaj, nrog chalk. Thiab tom qab ntawd kuv kuj tau pom tias lub hnub ci tsaus ua kom sib xyaw.
Ib tug nab npawb ntawm inventions ua raws. Cov duab tau luam tawm ntawm tooj liab, ntawv, iav, thiab thaum kawg ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab yas.
Lebedev qhov kev sim
Peb tau hais saum toj no tias qhov kev xav tau los khaws cov duab coj mus rau kev sim, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau qhov kev tshawb pom. Qee lub sij hawm nws tshwm sim rau lwm txoj hauv kev: qhov tseeb xam tau tias yuav tsum tau lees paub los ntawm kev sim. Qhov tseeb tias photons ntawm lub teeb tsis yog tsuas yog nthwv dej xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom, cov kws tshawb fawb tau kwv yees ntev.
Lebedev tsim ib lub cuab yeej raws li qhov sib npaug torsion. Thaum lub teeb poob rau ntawm daim phiaj, tus xub sib txawv ntawm "0" txoj hauj lwm. Yog li nws tau ua pov thawj tias photons kis lub zog mus rau qhov chaw, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv siv zog rau lawv. Thiab cov tshuaj ua haujlwm ntawm lub teeb muaj ntau yam ua rau nws.
Raws li Einstein twb tau qhia, huab hwm coj thiab lub zog yog ib qho thiab tib yam. Yog li ntawd, photon, "dissolving" nyob rau hauv cov khoom, muab nws cov essence. Lub cev tuaj yeem siv lub zog tau txais ntau txoj hauv kev, suav nrog rau kev hloov tshuaj lom neeg.
Nobel nqi zog thiab electrons
Twb tau hais txog tus kws tshawb fawb Albert Einstein paub txog nws txoj kev xav tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo, formula E=mc 2 thiab pov thawj ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev sib raug zoo. Tab sis nws tau txais qhov khoom plig tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis yog rau qhov no, tab sis rau lwm qhov kev nthuav dav heev. Einstein tau ua pov thawj hauv ntau qhov kev sim uas lub teeb tuaj yeem "rub tawm" ib qho hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev illuminated. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua cov nyhuv photoelectric sab nraud. Ib me ntsis tom qab, tib yam Einstein pom tias kuj muaj cov nyhuv photoelectric sab hauv: thaum lub electron nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub teeb tsis tawm hauv lub cev, tab sis yog redistributed, nws kis mus rau hauv lub conduction band. Thiab cov khoom illuminated hloov cov khoom ntawm conductivity!
Teb nyob rau hauv uas qhov tshwm sim no yog siv ntau: los ntawm cathode teeb mus rau "nrog" nyob rau hauv lub semiconductor network. Peb lub neej nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv niaj hnub yuav ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev siv cov nyhuv photoelectric. Cov nyhuv tshuaj ntawm lub teeb tsuas yog lees paub tias lub zog ntawm photon hauv cov teeb meem tuaj yeem hloov mus rau ntau hom.
Ozone qhov thiab pob dawb
Ib me ntsis siab dua peb tau hais tias thaum muaj tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm electromagnetic hluav taws xob, qhov kho qhov muag ntau yog implied. Qhov piv txwv peb xav muab tam sim no mus me ntsis dhau qhov ntawd.
Tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb tau suab lub tswb nrov: hla AntarcticaLub qhov ozone yog dai, nws nthuav dav txhua lub sijhawm, thiab qhov no yuav ua rau lub ntiaj teb kawg. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau muab tawm tias txhua yam tsis txaus ntshai. Ua ntej, txheej txheej ozone nyob rau sab av thib rau tsuas yog nyias nyias dua li lwm qhov. Qhov thib ob, kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw no tsis nyob ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm, lawv raug txiav txim siab los ntawm kev siv lub hnub ci.
Tab sis ozone txawm tuaj qhov twg? Thiab qhov no tsuas yog lub teeb-tshuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lub ultraviolet uas lub hnub emits ntsib oxygen nyob rau hauv cov huab cua sab saud. Muaj ntau ultraviolet, me ntsis oxygen, thiab nws tsis tshua muaj. Saum toj no tsuas yog qhib qhov chaw thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev. Thiab lub zog ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm ua rau tawg ruaj khov O2 molecules rau hauv ob lub atomic oxygens. Thiab tom qab ntawd UV quantum tom ntej no pab txhawb kev tsim O3 kev sib txuas. Qhov no yog ozone.
Ozone gas ua rau txhua yam muaj sia nyob. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tua kab mob thiab kab mob uas siv los ntawm tib neeg. Ib qho me me ntawm cov pa hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj teeb meem, tab sis nws yog txwv tsis pub nqus cov pa ntshiab.
Thiab cov pa roj no zoo heev absorbs ultraviolet quanta. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ozone tseem ceeb heev: nws tiv thaiv cov neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb saum npoo los ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau uas tuaj yeem ua kom tsis muaj menyuam lossis tua tag nrho cov kab mob lom. Peb cia siab tias tam sim no nws paub meej tias cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub teeb yog dab tsi.
