Ib hom lus yog ib hom lus uas muaj cov lus sau ntawm ib tus neeg, thiab qee zaum ob peb. Ntawd yog, kev kawm ntawv, kev sau ntawv thiab kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub yuav tshwm sim hauv cov lus no, cov ntaub ntawv ua lag luam, kev tshawb fawb, ntawv tseeb, sau ntawv xov xwm, nrog rau tag nrho lwm yam kev kos duab uas tau hais tawm hauv kev hais lus, feem ntau sau, tab sis qee zaum qhov ncauj. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv hais lus-colloquial thiab sau-phau ntawv ntawm cov lus sau txawv. Lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam, kev sib raug zoo thiab qhov tshwm sim yog raug rau qee yam qauv ntawm keeb kwm.
Kev txhais txawv ntawm lub tswvyim
Cov lus sau yog qhov tshwm sim uas nkag siab nws tus kheej los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb sib txawv. Qee tus ntseeg tias nws yog qhov nrov, tsuas yog ua tiav los ntawm cov tswv ntawm cov lus, uas yog, cov kws sau ntawv. Proponents ntawm no mus kom ze muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub tswvyimlus sau ntawv, hais txog lub sij hawm tshiab, thiab tib lub sij hawm ntawm cov neeg nrog ib tug nplua nuj cov lus tseeb. Raws li lwm tus neeg, cov lus sau ntawv yog bookish, sau, uas yog tawm tsam kev hais lus nyob, uas yog, hais lus. Qhov kev txhais lus no yog raws li cov lus uas sau ntawv yog thaum ub. Tseem muaj lwm tus ntseeg tias qhov no yog ib hom lus uas siv tau rau txhua tus neeg, piv rau jargon thiab hom lus, uas tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb no. Cov lus sau ntawv yeej ib txwm yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke muaj tswv yim ntawm tib neeg. Nov yog qhov piav qhia luv luv ntawm lub tswv yim no.
Kev sib raug zoo nrog ntau hom lus
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus sau. Qhov ruaj khov ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm qee yam lus, qhov nyuaj dua rau cov lus sau los sib sau ua ke ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub teb chaws. Txog tam sim no, cov lus hais tau zoo sib tw nrog cov lus sau dav dav hauv ntau lub tebchaws, piv txwv li, hauv Indonesia, Ltalis.
Lub tswv yim no kuj cuam tshuam nrog cov hom lus uas muaj nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm txhua hom lus. Lawv yog ntau yam ntawm nws uas tau tsim keeb kwm thiab nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib tug txheej ntawm nta. Qee tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem rov ua dua lwm qhov sib txawv, tab sis kev ua haujlwm peculiar thiab ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm ib qho style ntawm tus so. Niaj hnub no, ntau tus neeg hais lus siv cov lus sib tham thiab sib tham.
Kev sib txawv ntawm kev txhim kho cov lus sau ntawm cov neeg sib txawv
Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, nrog rau hauv TshiabLub sijhawm sib txawv, keeb kwm ntawm cov lus sau tau tsim txawv ntawm cov neeg sib txawv. Piv txwv li, lub luag hauj lwm uas cov lus Latin muaj nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm Germanic thiab Romance haiv neeg ntawm thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov dej num uas Fabkis ua si nyob rau hauv Askiv mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm Latin, Czech, Polish. nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, thiab lwm yam.
Kev tsim kho ntawm cov lus Slavic
Nyob rau lub sijhawm uas ib lub tebchaws raug tsim thiab tsim, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sau ntawv raug tsim. Feem ntau qhov no tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv kev sau ntawv, tab sis qee zaum cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem tshwm sim ib txhij hauv kev sau ntawv thiab hauv qhov ncauj. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab xeev ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub 16th-17th centuries, kev ua hauj lwm twb underway mus canonize thiab streamline tus qauv ntawm lub lag luam lub xeev cov lus nrog rau cov tsim ntawm uniform yuav tsum tau rau lub colloquial Moscow lus. Tib txheej txheem yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lwm lub xeev Slavic, nyob rau hauv uas cov lus sau yog nquag tsim. Rau Serbian thiab Bulgarian, nws tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, txij li hauv Serbia thiab Bulgaria tsis muaj cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab lus hauv lub xeev ntawm lub teb chaws. Lavxias, nrog rau Polish thiab, rau qee qhov, Czech, yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub teb chaws Slavic cov lus uas tau khaws nws txoj kev sib txuas nrog cov lus sau thaum ub.
Lub teb chaws hom lus, uas tau coj txoj hauv kev ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov kev coj noj coj ua qub, yog Serbo-Croatian, thiab ib feem ntawm Ukrainian. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov lus Slavic uas tsis tau tsim tsis tu ncua. Ntawm ib theem, qhov notxoj kev loj hlob tau cuam tshuam, yog li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub teb chaws cov yam ntxwv hauv qee lub teb chaws ua rau tawg nrog cov kev cai qub, cov ntawv sau qub, lossis tom qab - cov no yog cov lus Macedonian, Belarusian. Cia peb xav paub ntau ntxiv txog keeb kwm ntawm cov lus sau hauv peb lub tebchaws.
Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
Keeb kwm ntawm cov ntawv nyeem uas muaj sia nyob rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 11th. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab tsim cov lus Lavxias nyob rau hauv 18-19 centuries coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm nws tawm tsam rau Fabkis - cov lus ntawm nobility. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm classics ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, nws muaj peev xwm mus kawm tau ntawv zoo, tshiab hom lus tau qhia. Cov kws sau ntawv tau hais txog nws txoj kev nplua nuj thiab tau taw qhia nws qhov zoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov lus txawv teb chaws. Muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog qhov teeb meem no. Piv txwv li, kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Slavophiles thiab Westernizers paub. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo Soviet, nws tau hais tias peb cov lus yog cov lus ntawm cov builders ntawm communism, thiab thaum lub sij hawm Stalin txoj cai muaj txawm ib tug tag nrho cov phiaj los nqis tes tawm tsam cosmopolitanism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Thiab tam sim no, keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tseem coj zoo, raws li nws transformation yog tsis tu ncua coj qhov chaw.
Nkauj hmoob art
Folklore nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lus hais, proverbs, epics, fairy tales muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv ib tug deb keeb kwm. Cov qauv ntawm qhov ncauj pej xeem kos duab tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam, los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj, thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus tau polished nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas tsuas yog feem ntau. Kev sib txuas ruaj khov, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais lus tau hloov kho raws li cov lus tsim.
Thiab tom qab sau ntawv tau tshwm sim, qhov ncauj muaj tswv yim txuas ntxiv mus. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv nroog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov tub sab (uas yog, lub tsev loj cuj) thiab cov lus dab neeg tub rog, tau ntxiv rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv Hnub Nyoog Tshiab. Lub ncauj lus pej xeem niaj hnub no feem ntau yog sawv cev hauv kev tso dag. Nws kuj cuam tshuam cov lus sau.
Cov lus sau tau li cas hauv Ancient Russia?
Kev nthuav tawm thiab kev qhia txog kev sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia, uas ua rau tsim cov lus sau, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov npe ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius.
Hauv Novgorod thiab lwm lub nroog ntawm 11th-15th centuries, birch bark ntawv tau siv. Feem ntau ntawm cov muaj sia nyob yog cov ntawv ntiag tug uas yog kev lag luam, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv xws li cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev hais plaub, cov nqi muag, daim ntawv txais nyiaj, kev xav. Kuj tseem muaj cov lus dab neeg (cov lus qhia hauv tsev, cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg, cov lus tso dag hauv tsev kawm, kev sib koom ua ke), cov ntawv sau thiab pawg ntseeg, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj kev kawm zoo (cov menyuam yaus cov ntawv sau thiab kos duab, kev tawm dag zog hauv tsev kawm, tsev khaws khoom, cov tsiaj ntawv).
Qhia hauv 863 los ntawm cov kwv tij Methodius thiab Cyril, Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic sau tau raws li ib hom lus xws li Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic, uas, dhau los, los ntawm South Slavic dialects, los yog, los ntawm cov lus qub Bulgarian, nws Macedonian lus. Kev sau ntawv ntawm cov kwv tij no feem ntau yog txhais cov phau ntawv ntawm Phau Qub thiab Phau Tshiab. Lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm tau pauv los ntawmGreek rau lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov phau ntawv kev cai dab qhuas. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias Cyril thiab Methodius tau qhia txog cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic, tsis yog Cyrillic, thiab tom kawg tau tsim los ntawm lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Church Slavonic
Cov lus ntawm phau ntawv, tsis yog lus hais, yog lub Koom Txoos Slavonic. Nws kis tau ntawm ntau haiv neeg Slavic, qhov twg nws ua raws li cov lus ntawm pawg ntseeg kab lis kev cai. Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm hauv Moravia ntawm Western Slavs, hauv Romania, Bulgaria thiab Serbia ntawm yav qab teb Slavs, hauv Czech koom pheej, Croatia, Wallachia, thiab tseem nyob rau hauv Russia nrog kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic lus txawv heev ntawm cov lus hais, cov ntawv tau raug hloov pauv thaum sau ntawv, maj mam ua Russified. Cov lus tau mus txog Lavxias, pib xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus hauv zos.
Thawj phau ntawv sau sau ua lus sau ua ke hauv 1596 los ntawm Lavrenty Zinaniy thiab hauv 1619 los ntawm Melety Smotrytsky. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov lus xws li lub Koom Txoos Slavonic tau ua tiav.
18th caug xyoo - kev hloov kho hom lus
M. V. Lomonosov nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev hloov kho ntawm cov lus sau ntawm peb lub teb chaws, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm versification. Nws tau sau ib tsab ntawv nyob rau xyoo 1739 uas nws tau tsim cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev txheeb xyuas. Lomonosov, sib cav nrog Trediakovsky, tau sau hais tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los siv peb cov lus es tsis txhob qiv ntau cov tswv yim los ntawm lwm tus. Raws li Mikhail Vasilyevich, paj huam tuaj yeem sau rau hauv ntau qhov nres: disyllabic (trochee,iambic), trisyllabic (amphibrachium, anapaest, dactyl), tab sis nws ntseeg tias kev faib ua spondei thiab pyrrhia yog qhov tsis raug.
Tsis tas li ntawd, Lomonosov kuj tau sau cov kab lus tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Nws tau piav qhia hauv nws phau ntawv nws lub cib fim thiab kev nplua nuj. Cov qauv sau ntawv tau rov luam tawm 14 zaug thiab tom qab ntawd tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lwm txoj haujlwm - Barsov tus qauv sau ntawv (sau hauv 1771), uas yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Mikhail Vasilievich.
Cov lus niaj hnub hauv peb lub tebchaws
Nws tus tsim yog Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, uas nws tsim yog qhov kawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv peb lub tebchaws. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam, txawm hais tias kev hloov pauv loj tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus dhau los ob puas xyoo dhau los, thiab niaj hnub no muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus niaj hnub thiab cov lus ntawm Pushkin. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no tau hloov pauv niaj hnub no, peb tseem xav txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Alexander Sergeyevich ua tus qauv.
Tus kws sau paj lug nws tus kheej, lub sijhawm no, taw qhia rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov lus sau ntawm N. M. Karamzin, txij li tus kws sau ntawv thiab keeb kwm zoo nkauj no, raws li Alexander Sergeevich, tau tso cov lus Lavxias los ntawm lwm tus tus quab thiab xa rov qab nws txoj kev ywj pheej.
