Cov lus nug ntawm pes tsawg kis lus Askiv siv hauv kev sau thiab hais lus tshwm sim ntau zaus ntawm cov neeg uas koom nrog txoj kev kawm no. Tam sim no nws tau dhau los ua qhov yuav tsum tau hais lus txawv teb chaws. Thiab koj tuaj yeem paub nws ntawm qib siab tsuas yog tias koj ua tib zoo kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus. Qhov no yog qhov uas peb xav tau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog pes tsawg tus neeg nouns muaj nyob rau hauv lus Askiv, lawv tsim li cas thiab thaum twg lawv yuav tsum tau siv. Nov yog qhov peb yuav tham txog hauv kab lus no.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm rooj plaub
Ua ntej, cia peb txheeb xyuas qhov xwm txheej twg muaj nyob hauv lus Askiv. Cov lus, kev siv piv txwv thiab kev xaiv kev txhais lus yuav tsis ua rau peb nkag siab tag nrho cov ncauj lus, vim txhua yam raug coj mus rau qhov luv luv, luv luv thiab yog tsim los rau kev paub txog.neeg siv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua tib zoo kawm txhua rooj plaub sib cais thiab nkag siab qhov zoo sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm rooj plaub hauv Lavxias. Qhov no yog tsim nyog los pab txhawb lub assimilation ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, hauv lus Askiv muaj ob kis:
- rooj plaub, hu ua Common Case.
- Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj translation as Possessive Case.
Qhov xwm txheej nws tus kheej yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog grammatical ua kom yuam kev uas pab qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub npe rau lwm cov lus hauv kab lus. Thaum pib, rov qab ua lus Askiv thaum ub, muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam li Lavxias:
- npe;
- genitive;
- dative;
- xav;
- creative.
Tab sis dhau sijhawm, kev hloov pauv hauv kev hais lus, feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej ploj mus, tsuas yog ob qho tseem nyob. Peb tab tom nrog lawv mus txog niaj hnub no. Qhov no ua tsis tau tab sis thov cov neeg kawm lus, vim tias kev nkag siab thiab siv cov lus hauv kab lus tau yooj yim dua.
xov xwm txheej
Thaum tham txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm pes tsawg kis muaj nyob rau hauv lus Askiv, nws yuav tsim nyog pib nrog rooj plaub. Qhov no grammatical nuance tsis cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv ntawm lo lus nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, thaum nws lub ntsiab lus yog li vague uas cov lus yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv ntau yam xwm txheej thiab cov ntsiab lus. Cov xwm txheej muaj ob txoj kev siv:
- Raws li qhov kev txiav txim, pib ua raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus: Qav dhia siab. Nws ua luam dej nrawm.
- Raws li qhov khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, ua tus txais. Kuvmuab rau tus txiv neej. Nws hu peb ntawm 4.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov sib txawv no tsis cuam tshuam rau lub npe. Nws yeej ib txwm sawv hauv nws daim ntawv thiab yuav nyob twj ywm hauv tib daim ntawv. Tab sis nrog pronouns, qhov xwm txheej txawv. Lawv daim ntawv nyob ntawm seb lawv ua haujlwm li cas, seb lawv yog ib yam khoom lossis ib qho kev kawm. Peb yuav pom qhov no kom meej hauv cov piv txwv hauv lub rooj.
| Subject | Object | ||
| I | Kuv yuav tsheb. Kuv yuav ib lub tsheb. | kuv | Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau kuv. Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau kuv. |
| nws | Nws yuav tsheb. Nws yuav tsheb. | nws | Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau nws. Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau nws. |
| nws | Nws yuav tsheb. Nws yuav tsheb. | nws | Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau nws. Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau nws. |
| nws | Nws yuav tsheb. Nws (lub tuam txhab) yuav lub tsheb. | nws | Nws muab ib phau ntawv. Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau nws. |
| peb | Peb yuav tsheb. Peb yuav ib lub tsheb. | us | Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau peb. Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau peb. |
| lawv | Lawv yuav tsheb. Lawv yuav tsheb. | meej | Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau lawv. Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau lawv. |
| koj | Koj yuav tsheb. Koj (koj) yuav tsheb. | koj | Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau koj. Nws muab ib phau ntawv rau koj. |
Cov piv txwv yooj yim no qhia qhov txawv ntawm cov lus. Raws li cov npe, lawv daim ntawv tsis hloov. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lo lus thiab nws cov kev sib raug zoo rau lwm cov lus nyob rau hauv ib kab lus yog txiav txim los ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lo lus txiav txim. Qhov no ua rau lus Askiv yog ib qho yooj yim kawm. Ntxiv rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov lus tsim, kuj tseem muaj cov prepositions uas pab kom nkag siab txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub npe tshwj xeeb hauv kab lus.
Piv txwv:
- Lawv ua riam. Lawv ua nws nrog rab riam. Lub preposition nrog pab kom raug txheeb xyuas qhov ua haujlwm ntawm lo lus "riam".
- Nws mus kawm ntawv. Nws mus kawm ntawv. Lub preposition los kuj pab txhais kom raug siv lo lus "tsev kawm ntawv".
xov xwm
Tom ntej no, hais txog pes tsawg kis muaj lus Askiv, peb mus rau rooj plaub thib ob - tus muaj. Twb tau los ntawm lub npe nws dhau los ua qhov tseeb cov lus nug nws teb: leej twg? leej twg? leej twg? leej twg? Txhawm rau qhia cov lus no, cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb yog siv:
| tus kheej hais lus |
Nyob zoo pronoun |
Example |
| I | kuv | John hnia kuv txhais tes. John hnia kuv txhais tes. |
| nws | nws | Kuv pom nws niam. Kuv pom nws niam. |
| nws | nws |
Nws ua nws lub xov tooj. Nws ua nws tus xov tooj. |
| nws | nws | Peb ntsia nws lub qhov rais. Peb ntsia nws lub qhov rais. |
| peb | peb | Peb lub nroog loj. Peb lub nroog loj. |
| koj | Nov yog koj lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nov yog koj lub tsev kawm ntawv. | |
| lawv | lawv | Tag nrho lawv cov khoom ua si tawg. Tag nrho lawv cov khoom ua si tawg. |
Ntawm no yog li cas thaum nws los txog rau npe. Cov npe muaj cov duab sib txawv. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los qhia txog rooj plaub no:
- Siv apostrophe thiab xaus -s.
- Siv lub preposition ntawm.
Yog lub npe yog animate, ces thawj qhov kev xaiv siv ntawm no. Piv txwv li, niam lub hnab - niam lub hnab, kwv tij phau ntawv - kwv tij phau ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yog lub apostrophe uas qhia tias dab tsi belongs rau leej twg. Yog hais tias lub npe tsis ciaj sia, ces siv qhov kev xaiv thawj yog tsis raug, thiab ib tug preposition los cawm, piv txwv li: lub qhov rooj ntawm chav tsev - lub qhov rooj ntawm chav tsev, ib feem ntawm zaj dab neeg - ib feem ntawm zaj dab neeg, thiab lwm yam..
Case Features
Txuas ntxiv los tham txog pes tsawg kis muaj lus Askiv, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog cov yam ntxwv thiab kev zam,uas lus Askiv muaj npe nrov rau. Yog li, muaj ob peb yam uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov:
- yog tias lo lus muaj ob lossis ntau qhov, ces qhov khoom xaus yuav muab ntxiv rau qhov kawg nkaus xwb: passer-by's ticket;
- yog daim foos no tsis hais txog ib qho, tab sis rau ob peb lo lus, ces qhov xaus kuj tseem yuav ntxiv rau tom kawg ntawm kab lus: txiv thiab niam chav - niam thiab txiv chav;
- yog lub npe yog nyob rau hauv ntau ntau, tsuas yog ib qho apostrophe ntxiv rau nws: cov viv ncaus noj hmo - cov viv ncaus noj hmo.
Kev zam
Tseem muaj ntau lo lus uas tsis muaj sia uas tuaj yeem siv tau qhov xaus -s:
- ntsuas lub sijhawm thiab nyob deb: hnub no lub npav - hnub no lub npav;
- cities, lub teb chaws: Lavxias teb sab kev lag luam - Lavxias teb sab kev lag luam;
- xov xwm, cov koom haum: OBSCE lub tsheb - OSCE tsheb;
- words: teb chaws, teb chaws, nroog, nroog, nkoj, tsheb, nkoj, xwm, dej, dej hiav txwv;
- hli, caij: caij ntuj no huab cua - caij ntuj no huab cua;
- planets: Jupiter lub teeb - lub teeb ntawm Jupiter;
- tsim kab lus.
Thaum tham txog muaj pes tsawg kis nyob rau hauv lus Askiv, tus naj npawb ntawm kev zam yuav tsum tau muab rau hauv tus account. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua leej txhua tus paub tias nws tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom kawm txoj cai raws li nws qhov kev zam.
Siv Prepositions
Tsis tas li, cov lus Askiv hauv kev xyaum pab qhia cov prepositions. Muaj qee cov lus qhia nrov tshaj plawsuas qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm dative thiab instrumental case.
- Preposition to. Qhia cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev nqis tes ua thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv dative: Nws mus rau Mike. Nws mus rau Mike.
- Preposition with. Siv los qhia txog kev siv qee yam khoom lossis cov cuab yeej, thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas: Nws raug tua nrog rab riam. Nws raug ntaus tuag.
- Preposition by. Qhia tias leej twg los yog dab tsi ua qhov kev txiav txim: Lawv pom ib lub hnab nqa los ntawm ib tug txiv neej. Lawv pom lub hnab uas tus txiv neej nqa.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov lus qhia yooj yim no, cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov lus Askiv tswj hwm txhua cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab hais lus.
