Ice yog ib yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation, uas zoo li muaj gaseous los yog kua daim ntawv nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Cov khoom ntawm dej khov tau pib kawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Kwv yees li ob puas xyoo dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom tias dej tsis yog ib qho yooj yim compound, tab sis cov tshuaj complex muaj xws li oxygen thiab hydrogen. Tom qab kev tshawb pom, cov qauv dej pib zoo li H2O.
qauv dej khov
H2O muaj ob lub atom hydrogen thiab ib lub atom oxygen. Thaum so, hydrogen nyob rau saum cov pa atom. Oxygen thiab hydrogen ions yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub vertices ntawm daim duab peb sab isosceles: oxygen nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub kaum sab xis. Cov qauv dej no hu ua dipole.
Dej khov yog 11.2% hydrogen thiab tus so yog oxygen. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej khov yog nyob ntawm nws cov qauv tshuaj. Qee zaum nws muaj gaseous lossis mechanical formations -impurities.
Ice muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm ob peb hom crystalline uas ruaj khov khaws lawv cov qauv ntawm qhov kub ntawm xoom thiab qis dua, tab sis ntawm xoom thiab saum toj nws pib yaj.
Crystal structure
Cov khoom ntawm dej khov, daus thiab chav sib txawv kiag li thiab nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov muaju. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev muaj zog H2O yog ib puag ncig los ntawm plaub molecules nyob rau ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm lub tetrahedron. Txij li tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke tsawg, cov dej khov tuaj yeem muaj cov qauv qhib. Qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv cov dej khov thiab nws qhov ntom ntom.
Ice shapes
Ice yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov xwm txheej. Hauv ntiaj teb, muaj ntau yam hauv qab no:
- river;
- lake;
- maritime;
- firny;
- glacial dub;
- av.
Muaj dej khov uas ncaj qha tsim los ntawm sublimation, i.e. los ntawm lub xeev vapor. Qhov kev pom no siv rau hauv daim ntawv skeletal (peb hu ua snowflakes) thiab aggregates ntawm dendritic thiab skeletal kev loj hlob (hoarfrost, te).
Ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshaj plaws yog stalactites, i.e. icicles. Lawv loj hlob thoob plaws ntiaj teb: nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb, hauv qhov tsua. Hom dej khov no yog tsim los ntawm cov dej ntws ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub ntawm zero degrees nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg-caij nplooj ntoos hlav.
Kev tsim ua hauv daim ntawv dej khov uas tshwm nyob rau ntawm ntug dej, ntawm ciam teb ntawm dej thiab huab cua, nrog rau raws ntug dej hiav txwv, hu ua cov dej khov nab kuab.
Ice tuaj yeem tsim hauv cov av ntxeem tau hauv daim ntawv fibrouskab.
Ice properties
Khoom tuaj yeem nyob hauv ntau lub xeev. Raws li qhov no, cov lus nug tshwm sim: dab tsi ntawm cov dej khov tau tshwm sim hauv ib lub xeev tshwj xeeb?
Cov kws tshawb fawb txheeb xyuas lub cev thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.
Lub cev muaj zog
Lub cev lub cev ntawm cov dej khov muaj xws li:
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Density. Nyob rau hauv physics, ib tug inhomogeneous nruab nrab yog sawv cev los ntawm qhov txwv ntawm qhov ratio ntawm loj ntawm cov khoom ntawm nruab nrab nws tus kheej mus rau lub ntim nyob rau hauv uas nws yog kaw. Qhov ntom ntawm dej, zoo li lwm yam khoom, yog qhov ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Feem ntau, cov dej tsis tu ncua yog siv rau hauv kev suav, sib npaug li 1000 kg / m 3. Qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb dua yog muab rau hauv tus account tsuas yog thaum nws tsim nyog los ua kev xam kom raug vim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntom ntom.
Thaum xam qhov ntom ntawm cov dej khov, nws yuav tsum muab rau hauv tus account uas cov dej. ua dej khov: raws li koj paub, qhov ntom ntawm cov dej ntsev yog siab dua cov dej distilled.
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Dej kub. Feem ntau dej crystallization tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub ntawm xoom degrees. Cov txheej txheem khov tshwm sim hauv jumps nrog kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub. Cov txheej txheem thim rov qab (melting) tshwm sim thaum tib tus nqi ntawm cov cua sov yog absorbed, tab sis tsis jumps, tab sis maj mam.
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, muaj cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv uas dej yog supercooled, tab sis nws tsis khov. Qee tus dej ntws tseem ua kua txawm tias ntawm -2 degrees.
- Muaj peev xwm kub. Qhov no yog tus nqi ntawm cov cua sov uas absorbed thaum lub cev yog rhuab rau txhua tusdegree. Muaj lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb kub, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov cua sov uas yuav tsum tau ua kom sov ib kilogram ntawm cov dej distilled los ntawm ib qho degree.
- Compressibility. Lwm cov cuab yeej ntawm lub cev ntawm cov daus thiab dej khov yog compressibility, uas cuam tshuam rau qhov txo qis hauv ntim raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siab sab nraud. Lub reciprocal hu ua elasticity.
- Ice zog.
- Cov xim dej khov. Cov cuab yeej no nyob ntawm qhov nqus ntawm lub teeb thiab tawg ntawm cov rays, nrog rau tus nqi ntawm impurities hauv cov dej khov. Dej thiab pas dej dej khov tsis muaj impurities txawv teb chaws yog pom nyob rau hauv daj ntseg xiav teeb. Hiav txwv dej khov tuaj yeem sib txawv kiag li: xiav, ntsuab, xiav, dawb, xim av, muaj cov xim hlau. Qee zaum koj tuaj yeem pom cov dej khov dub. Nws tau txais cov xim no vim muaj ntau cov zaub mov thiab ntau yam organic impurities.
Mechanical properties of ice
Cov khoom siv ntawm cov dej khov thiab dej yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig sab nraud ntawm ib cheeb tsam. Mechanical zog nyob ntawm tus qauv, salinity, kub thiab porosity.
Ice yog ib qho elastic, khov, tsim yas, tab sis muaj cov xwm txheej hauv qab uas nws dhau los ua tawv thiab tawv heev.
hiav txwv dej khov thiab dej tshiab sib txawv: yav dhau los yog cov yas ntau dua thiab tsis muaj zog.
Thaum cov nkoj hla, cov khoom siv ntawm cov dej khov yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Nws kuj tseem ceeb heev thaum siv txoj kev dej khov, hla thiab ntau dua.
Dej, daus thiab dej khov muajcov khoom zoo sib xws uas txhais cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau lwm yam cuam tshuam rau cov kev nyeem no: qhov kub thiab txias, impurities hauv cov khoom, nrog rau qhov pib muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kua. Dej khov yog ib yam khoom txaus nyiam tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
