Lo lus "zaum" tuaj rau peb los ntawm lus Latin. Literally punctum - "point". Punctuation yog ib qho system uas kawm cov cim cim thiab cov xwm txheej rau lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv kab lus. Puas yog nws tsim nyog siv nws? Puas yog nws tsis txaus kom paub cov tsiaj ntawv thiab muaj peev xwm sau kom nkag siab thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv?
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Cov lus yog tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv uas sawv cev rau lub suab. Los ntawm lawv, tib neeg sib txuas lus. Tab sis kom nkag siab qhov koj hnov, qee zaum nws tsis txaus los hais cov lus hauv ib ntu. Thaum hais lus, ib tug neeg siv cov intonations sib txawv, xws li tsa lossis txo lub suab. Yog li ntawd, nws tsom ntsoov rau cov neeg mloog cov lus uas tau hais. Nruab nrab ntawm cov lus los yog lawv ib pab pawg, qhov chaw sib txawv tuaj yeem siv tau. Koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj tag nrho cov sijhawm no, vim tias lawv muab cov kab lus ib qho kev sib txuas lus. Hais lus nrog kev pab ntawm lub suab, ncua sij hawm tuaj yeem xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau tus interlocutor. Thiab yuav ua li cas ua txhua yam no rau ib tus neeg uas sau, piv txwv li, lus? Yuav ua li cas sib txuas lus koj tus cwj pwm hauv kev sau ntawvrau dab tsi nws yog hais txog? Yuav ua li cas qhia thiab qhia koj txoj kev xav? Qhov no yog qhov uas sau ntawv pab. Qhov no yog cov cuab yeej uas pab qhia cov intonation hauv tsab ntawv.
Meaning
Nrog rau kev sau ntawv, cov cim cim yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov duab kos duab ntawm txhua hom lus. Paub qhov tseeb qhov chaw ntawm cov cim cim cim yog qhov tsim nyog raws li kev sau ntawv raug. Yog tsis muaj qhov no, yuav tsis muaj qhov tseeb thiab ua tiav hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Dab tsi yog qhov xav tau rau txhua tus nyeem kom raug ntsuas thiab nkag siab cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm? Qhov no yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem rau cov cim sau cim hauv lub tebchaws. Hauv tsab ntawv ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv, lawv yuav muaj cov duab zoo ib yam, tab sis txawv ntawm lawv lub ntsiab lus thiab, yog li ntawd, cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog qhov no. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib hom lus sib npaug nkag siab lub ntsiab lus thiab lub npe ntawm cov cim cim cim.
yam ntxwv
Russian cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov nqaim thiab dav. Hauv thawj kis, peb tab tom tham txog cov cim cim cim. Txhua leej txhua tus paub tias ib lub sij hawm muab tso rau qhov kawg ntawm ib kab lus. Txhawm rau xa cov lus nug intonation, qhia txog kev xav xim, koj yuav xav tau cov lus nug lossis cov cim exclamation, ellipsis. Cov no yog cov cim kawg ntawm kab lus. Qee lub sij hawm qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim kho syntactic yog sib cais los ntawm ib leeg nrog ib qho comma, semicolon, dash, colon. Lawv hu ua cov cim ntawm "nrab" ntawm kab lus. Ntsiab lusqhov chaw ntawm complex syntactic tsim yuav ua tau siv ob lub ntsiab (commas los yog dashes), brackets thiab quotation marks. Cov no yog cov cim ua khub. Muaj kaum ob ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Rau kev sau ntawv kom raug thiab nkag siab zoo, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum paub txog cov xwm txheej rau kev teeb tsa lawv txhua tus.
Hauv kev nkag siab dav dav, cov cim cim yog ib txoj hauv kev txhim kho cov ntawv nyob ib puag ncig. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem tham txog kev faib kab lus, qhov chaw, hnub qub thiab lwm yam cim. Hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm kuj yuav tsum tau qhia rau lawv. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev nkag siab tag nrho ntawm cov cai rau kev tsim thiab kev tsim cov ntawv nyeem. Cov menyuam yaus tom qab qib 7 tau paub txog cov qauv ntawm cov cim cim feem ntau tag nrho thiab nthuav dav. Ua ntej ntawd, lawv tsuas tau txais cov ntsiab lus tawg, uas suav nrog cov cim cim. Qib 8 muab kev kawm tob ntxiv ntawm cov cim cim. Muaj kev nkag siab tias los ntawm cov duab nraaj cov ntawv nyeem tau muab faib ua ntu, qhov peculiarity ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov syntactic unit thiab nws intonation yog kis nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv.
Punctuation test
Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv computer, koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas qib ntawm koj qhov kev paub hauv cheeb tsam no. Kev ntsuam xyuas yuav qhia qhov ua yuam kev feem ntau, qhia txog lawv qhov laj thawj. Cov lus pom zoo uas yuav muab tom qab ua tiav thiab ua pov thawj ntawm txoj haujlwm yuav pab kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis zoo yav tom ntej. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab, cov neeg thov thiab cov kws qhia lus Lavxias, nrog rau cov neeg uas nws txoj haujlwm tau cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm lawv tus kheej kev paub ntawv thiab tshuaj xyuas nrog lwm tus.
Los ntawm keeb kwm
Kev tsim cov ntawv sau hauv Lavxias tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 19th. Hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav, nws zoo ib yam li cov cai rau cov cim cim hauv lwm hom lus European. Tab sis cov cim cim ntawm lub xyoo dhau los yog txawv ntawm cov niaj hnub no. Hauv Ancient Russia, cov lus thiab kab lus tsis tau sib cais los ntawm ib leeg. Cov kws sau ntawv hauv lawv txoj haujlwm tau siv cov cim xws li lub cim, tus ntoo khaub lig, kab wavy. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, colons, brackets, thiab cov lus nug pib tshwm hauv kev sau ntawv. Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm qhov system tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev qhia txog kev sau ntawv. Tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum lub niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus sau ntawv tau tsim, puas lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tseeb thiab niaj hnub siv cov cim cim ua kom muaj zog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus neeg sawv cev nto moo ntawm kev tshawb fawb grammatical, M. V. Lomonosov, pib nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb: nws tsim "Lavxias Kev Sau Ntawv" (1755). Nws yog tus neeg no uas nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm tau nce mus rau Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv raws li ib tug science.
Kev ua ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb
Lomonosov txoj haujlwm tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv, xibfwb ntawm Moscow University, A. A. Barsov. Nws qhia meej, meej thiab meej qhia txog cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab cim nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm scientific. Tab sis nws "Cov Qauv Qauv" tau nqes los rau peb hauv daim ntawv sau ntawv nkaus xwb. Cov lus txiav txim siab tshaj plaws thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kab lus yog muab los ntawm Academician Ya. K. Grot hauv nws phau ntawv "Lavxias Spelling". Tau ntau xyoo, keeb kwm thiab kev tsim ntawm cov lus thiab nws cov ntu tau kawm. Phau ntawv no yog thawj phau ntawv sau hauv peb lub tebchawskev sau ntawv thiab cov cim cim. Groth txoj hauj lwm nto moo heev uas nws mus txog nees nkaum xyoo los ntawm 1917.
