Cov qauv sau ntawv yog ib feem ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm hom lus. Ib feem tseem ceeb heev vim nws kawm cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov kab lus, cov qauv tsim ntawm ntau cov kab lus thiab kab lus, txo cov qauv no rau hauv ib qho kev cai.
Yuav ua li cas kev kawm lus tshwm sim
Ib qho ntawm thawj cov ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau thawj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev paub lus tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Greeks los ntawm Aristotle, tus tsim ntawm Alexandrian linguistic tsev kawm ntawv. Ntawm cov neeg Loos, tus tsim yog Varro, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm 116 thiab 27 BC. Nws yog cov neeg no uas yog thawj tus yam ntxwv qee yam lus, xws li cov npe ntawm cov lus hais, piv txwv li.
Ntau yam niaj hnub no ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus tau xeeb hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Indian thaum ntxov li thawj xyoo txhiab BC, raws li kev ua pov thawj los ntawm Panini tej hauj lwm. Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov lus tau txais ib daim ntawv dawb uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv thawj txhiab xyoo ntawm Christian era. Yuav ua li cas thiab dab tsi cov qauv sau ntawv kawm nyob rau lub sijhawm no, nws dhau los ua qhov tseeb ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov classics, uas nwsraws.
Cov qauv sau ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog piav qhia xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus cwj pwm coj. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus tau suav tias yog cov lus Latin, uas tau nce mus rau qib ntawm ib daim ntawv nyob mus ib txhis, qhov sib txuas zoo tshaj plaws thiab xav txog cov qauv ntawm kev xav. Cov neeg uas kawm grammatical qauv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th tau suav hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qhov no yuav tsum ua kom zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm cov phau ntawv Latin. Yog, tsis muaj lwm tus. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, cov hauj lwm ntawm Donat thiab Priscian raug suav hais tias yog tus txheej txheem thiab yuav tsum tau ua. Tom qab ntawd, ntxiv rau lawv, cov lus cog tseg ntawm Alexander los ntawm Vildier Doctrinales thiab Grecismus ntawm Eberhard ntawm Bethune tau tshwm sim.
Cov Lus Qhia ntawm Renaissance thiab Enlightenment
Nws yuav tsis ua rau leej twg xav tsis thoob tias cov qauv ntawm cov lus Latin tau nkag mus rau ntau hom lus European. Qhov kev tsis meej pem no tuaj yeem pom tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov lus hais ntawm cov pov thawj thiab hauv lub tsev teev ntuj treatises sau nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Muaj ntau hom lus Latin grammatical tshwj xeeb hauv lawv. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 17th-18th centuries, txoj kev mus rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv hloov me ntsis. Tam sim no nws tau txais ib qho kev xav-philosophical cwj pwm, uas tau coj mus rau ntau dua universalization thiab standardization nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lwm yam lus.
Thiab tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th xwb tau ua thawj zaug los txheeb xyuas cov kev cai grammatical hauv lwm hom lus txawv ntawm Latin qia tshwm. H. Steinthal tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no, thiab nws txoj haujlwm tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm cov neeg hu ua neo-grammatists - cov kws tshawb fawb hluas uas nrhiav kev cais cov qauv lus los ntawm cov ntsiab lus Latin.
Ib qho kev sib txawv ntau dua ntawm ib tus neeg yam lus tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no hais tias lub tswv yim ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua emancipation ntawm ntau yam European lus thiab kev cais tawm los ntawm cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Greek-Latin tsev kawm ntawv tau txais koob meej. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus sau ntawv, tus pioneer yog F. F. Fortunatov. Txawm li cas los xij, cia peb mus rau tam sim no thiab saib cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus niaj hnub no.
Kev cais ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus sau los ntawm ntu ntawm kev hais lus
Hauv Lavxias, cov lus tau muab faib ua ntu ntawm kev hais lus. Cov qauv no ntawm kev faib raws li morphological thiab syntactic nta kuj tau txais nyob rau hauv feem ntau lwm yam lus uas tau cais lawv tus kheej los ntawm Latin lub hauv paus. Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus hais yuav tsis sib xws.
Common to yuav luag txhua hom lus hauv ntiaj teb no suav hais tias yog lub npe (npe lossis lwm yam) thiab lus qhia. Cov yav tas kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab faib ua ib daim ntawv ywj pheej thiab pab, uas yuav luag txhua yam lus. Phau ntawv txhais lus cov qauv sau ntawv qhia cov hauv qab no ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias: lub npe, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction thiab interjection. Txhua pawg no muaj nws tus kheej txhais thiab lub hom phiaj. Peb yuav tsis muab cov lus piav qhia ntawm no thiab grammatical pawg ntawm lub npe thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus, qhov no tau piav qhia meej hauv ntau phau ntawv sau lus Lavxias.
Txoj kev siv cov lus qhia
Txhua cov lus qhia hauv Lavxias tuaj yeem siv peb txoj hauv kev: ua ib qho tsis tiav, koom nrog lossis gerund. Tag nrho peb hom yog dav nyob rau hauv lwm yamhom lus thiab feem ntau muaj kev siv zoo sib xws. Piv txwv li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho infinitive (ib daim ntawv qhia tsis tiav) hauv kev hais lus zoo li "nyiam kos" thiab lwm tus tuaj yeem pom ua lus Askiv, Italian, thiab feem ntau lwm yam lus nyob sab Europe. Kev siv cov participle thiab gerund kuj yog dav, txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv loj.
Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov tswvcuab kab lus
Qhov kev faib tawm no muab rau tsib pawg sib cais uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv ib kab lus tag nrho ua ke lossis sib cais. Feem ntau ib qho ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus tuaj yeem yog tag nrho cov kab lus. Yog li, yog tias koj yuav tsum ua ib kab lus nrog cov kab lus "dav li ib daim teb", ces nws yuav ua raws li ib daim ntawv thov. Qhov no kuj muaj tseeb rau lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus.
Yuav ua li cas cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus puas cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus?
- Cov ntsiab lus, uas yog hais txog cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus, qhia txog ib yam khoom lossis tus neeg thiab txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov ua ntej.
- Tus predicate kuj hais txog cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus, qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim lossis lub xeev thiab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov ntsiab lus.
- Ntxiv yog ib tug menyuam yaus thiab qhia txog qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov khoom.
- Ib qho xwm txheej qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim, nyob ntawm qhov ua piv txwv thiab tseem muaj lub ntsiab lus thib ob.
- Cov ntawv txuas ntxiv qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev kawm (kev kawm lossis kev txhawb ntxiv) thiab lwm yam.
Rov qab rau lub npe
Russia muajgrammatical pawg ntawm cov npe uas tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Yog li, lub declension ntawm lub npe hauv rooj plaub yog qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov ntaub ntawv lawv tus kheej muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam lus, tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv declension yog nqa tawm siv xaus, raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Peb cov qauv sau ntawv qhia qhov txawv ntawm 6 tus neeg ntawm lub npe: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental thiab prepositional.
Kev qhia txog ntu ntawm kev hais lus yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb
Ib feem ntawm kev hais lus yog qhov kev tshawb fawb cov qauv sau ntawv niaj hnub no, lossis tsawg kawg muab nqe lus no yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kev saib xyuas ntau kuj tau them rau lawv cov grammatical pawg thiab kev sib txuas, cov kev cai dav dav thiab cov qauv ntawm tus kheej hais lus. Cov yav tas yog kawm los ntawm seem ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv hu ua syntax.
Sib nrug ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, muaj xws li kev tshawb fawb xws li lexicology, semantics thiab phonetics, txawm hais tias lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam zoo thiab hauv qee qhov kev txhais tau nthuav tawm raws li cov qauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb grammatical. Cov qauv sau ntawv kuj suav nrog cov kev qhuab qhia xws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm intonation, semantics, morphonology, derivatology, uas nyob rau ntawm ntug ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov kev qhuab qhia yav dhau los. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qauv sau ntawv raws li kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws rau ntau yam kev qhuab qhia uas tsis tshua paub rau ntau tus neeg.
Allied Sciences
Cov qauv sau ntawv, vim nws qhov tshwj xeeb, muaj ntau yam kev sib cuag nrog kev qhuab qhia xws li:
- lexicology vim kev kawm ntxaws ntawm cov grammatical ntawm tus kheejntu lus;
- orthoepy thiab phonetics, txij li cov tshooj no them ntau xim rau cov lus hais;
- spelling, uas kawm txog kev sau ntawv;
- style piav qhia cov kev cai siv ntau hom ntawv sau.
Sib faib cov qauv sau raws li lwm yam
Ua ntej peb tau sau tias cov qauv sau ntawv tuaj yeem ua keeb kwm thiab sib dhos, tab sis muaj lwm hom kev faib. Yog li, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Thawj qhov, superficial, ua haujlwm ntawm grammatical txhais tau tias ntawm kev hais lus. Qhov thib ob los yog tob yog nyob rau ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv thiab kev sau ntawv sau semantics. Kuj tseem muaj cov qauv uas kawm txog qee qhov ntawm kev hais lus uas muaj nyob hauv ntau yam lus lossis tsuas yog hauv Lavxias. Raws li qhov no, cov qauv sau ntawv tau muab faib ua universal thiab tshwj xeeb.
Tseem muaj keeb kwm thiab kab lus sib dhos. Thawj qhov cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm ntawm cov lus, sib piv ntau yam keeb kwm tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob, tsom mus rau cov kev hloov pauv raws sij hawm hauv cov qauv grammatical thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Synchronous grammar, uas tseem hu ua kev piav qhia, them nyiaj ntau rau kev kawm cov lus nyob rau theem tam sim no ntawm kev loj hlob. Ob ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb kawm txog grammatical qauv ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv keeb kwm los yog synchronous paradigm. Lub hauv paus pib ntawm qhov kev faib thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv feem ntau hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm prehistoric.
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam kev qhuab qhia uas tau tsom mus rau kev tsim cov cai thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov no yuav pab kom zam dhauKev tsis sib xws hauv kev tsim ntau yam kev hais lus, piv txwv li, thaum koj yuav tsum tau ua ib kab lus nrog ib kab lus uas muaj ob peb ntu ntawm kev hais lus, thiab ntau lwm yam.
