Science 2024, Kaum ib hlis

Thioglycolic acid yog cov kua tsis muaj xim uas muaj ntxhiab tsw tsw. Cov mis ntawm cov tshuaj no yog HSCH2COOH. Acid feem ntau yog siv los curl plaub hau. Tab sis dab tsi cuam tshuam nws tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg lub cev? Nws muaj dab tsi, thiab nws siv qhov twg?

Eruic acid yog monobasic carboxylic acid, uas tseem raug cais raws li omega-9 unsaturated fatty acid. Cov kua qaub no muaj nyob hauv qee cov roj zaub. Tab sis nws cov khoom yog dab tsi? Nws puas ua mob rau tib neeg lub cev?

Thaum cov kab ncaj sib tshuam, cov ces kaum raug tsim, uas tau muab faib ua cov nyob ib sab thiab ntsug. Lawv muaj lawv tus kheej cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv

Cov chav kawm ntawm algebra muab rau kev kawm ntawm ntau yam sib npaug. Ntawm lawv, lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog nyob ntawm lub luag haujlwm quadratic, kev daws teeb meem uas yog kev tsim kho ntawm parabola ntawm qhov kev sib koom ua ke. Xav txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus rau kev daws qhov sib npaug, nrog rau cov kev simplifications uas tuaj yeem ua tau

Zoo siab tias koj lub peev xwm siv koj lub hlwb. Feem ntau cov tib neeg tsis muab qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov tseeb tias kev ua lej yooj yim tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem ua tau yam tsis muaj teeb meem hauv lub siab yog straining. Txiv neej tsis tso siab rau nws lub siab thiab nco. Hloov chaw, lub laij lej thiab tshuab computer tau tshwm sim

Tam sim no nws tau dhau los ua fashionable siv lo lus "socially tseem ceeb". Tab sis lawv txhais li cas? Cov txiaj ntsig lossis qhov tshwj xeeb dab tsi lawv qhia peb txog? Cov dej num twg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv zej zog ua? Tag nrho cov no peb yuav xav txog hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kab lus no

Andromeda Nebula yog peb cov neeg nyob ze ze tshaj plaws galactic. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov tseeb tias, raws li kev kwv yees ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, nws yuav sib koom ua ke nrog peb tus kheej pawg hnub qub - Milky Way - nyob rau hauv kwv yees li 4 billion xyoo (los ntawm cov qauv cosmic, qhov no yog sai heev)

Tib neeg yuav tsum yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm Homo Sapiens. Feem ntau, cov menyuam kawm ntawv raug muab ua homework los xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg thiab tib neeg. Hauv tsab xov xwm koj tuaj yeem nyeem cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog qhov teeb meem no

Homo sapiens, lossis Homo sapiens, tau hloov pauv ntau yam txij li thaum nws pib - ob qho tib si hauv lub cev thiab kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Raws li niaj hnub kev faib tawm, hom "tus txiv neej tsim nyog" tau muab faib ua 2 subspecies - "Id altu txiv neej" thiab "tus txiv neej tsim nyog"

Tus lej tseem ceeb yog ib qho ntawm cov kev ua lej nthuav dav tshaj plaws uas tau nyiam cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov pej xeem zoo tib yam rau ntau tshaj ob txhiab xyoo. Txawm hais tias peb tam sim no nyob hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov khoos phis tawj thiab cov kev pabcuam niaj hnub tshaj plaws, ntau qhov tsis meej ntawm cov lej tseem tsis tau raug daws, muaj txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb tsis paub yuav ua li cas

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 tsim ib qho kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws uas tib neeg tau pom. Ob peb lub hlis tom qab kev tshawb pom, qhov chaw ntawm lub comet poob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb Jupiter. Kev sib tsoo ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj uas pom los ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, qhov twg NASA piav qhia txog lub hnub qub, cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim tias qhov no yog thawj zaug kev sib tsoo ntawm ob lub cev hauv lub hnub ci uas cov kws tshawb fawb pom

UV hluav taws xob yog hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas nws lub wavelength thaj tsam ntawm ntug ntawm violet spectrum mus rau ntug ntawm X-rays. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias thawj zaug ntawm qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum peb

Lub tswv yim ntawm "hlau" yog ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov kev xav los ntawm txhua tus. Hlau, nyiaj, kub, tooj liab, txhuas. Cov npe no niaj hnub nyob rau hauv cov xov xwm, yog li ob peb tus neeg yuav nug cov lus nug ntawm cov hlau yog dab tsi. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsis raug mob kom kawm txog cov hlau dab tsi los ntawm qhov pom ntawm tus kws kho mob thiab kws kho mob, yog tias koj xav kom muaj cov duab zoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb hauv koj lub taub hau. Thiab rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev paub txog cov ncauj lus no, nws yuav tsis mob rau kev kawm txog lwm pab pawg - tsis yog hlau thiab metalloids

Cia peb soj ntsuam seb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog dab tsi. Cia peb qhia lawv cov yam ntxwv, siv hauv kev kawm ntawm ntau yam khoom thiab cov xwm txheej

Koj tuaj yeem hnov zoo li kev thuam tias ib tus neeg tsis yog lub hom phiaj. Thiab qhov no zoo li yog kev sib cav universal tawm tsam tus neeg hais lus. Puas yog lub hom phiaj yog cov cuab yeej, tus yam ntxwv, lossis ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej? Lub sij hawm no tshwj xeeb npaum li cas? Puas yog nws muaj xim zoo nkauj lossis nws puas yog qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab? Lub ntsiab lus ntawm objectivity, nws kev twb kev txuas nrog subjectivity, objectivity nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub scientific daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no - qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus hauv qab no

Yog koj saib txoj hauv kev uas tib neeg tau dhau los, peb tuaj yeem hais tias rau ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm homo sapiens, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ib txwm muaj peb yam: kom ciaj sia, kawm thiab tsim

Txhua lub neej, pib ntawm tsev neeg thiab xaus nrog tib neeg, muaj kev nco qab. Cov qauv ntawm kev nco qab no yog kev paub, kev coj ncaj ncees, kev ntseeg, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis, undoubtedly, ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog science. Nws yog nws uas tsim kev paub tshiab hauv zej zog

Ntawm no thiab tam sim no peb yuav txiav txim siab cybernetics ua kev tshawb fawb nyuaj, cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam teeb meem ntawm tib neeg. Peb teev cov ceg ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no thiab qhia txog lawv qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thiab cov teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem uas lawv tau koom nrog, thiab tseem ua tib zoo saib rau keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cybernetics

Lub tswvyim ntawm "kev tshawb fawb kev ua haujlwm" yog qiv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txawv teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, hnub uas nws tshwm sim thiab tus sau tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xub xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm thaj chaw no ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb

Kev sib piv yog ib txoj hauv kev los sib piv ob lossis ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb (phenomena, khoom, tswv yim, cov txiaj ntsig, thiab lwm yam). Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom sib piv tau nthuav tawm txhawm rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom xaiv ntawm kev kawm

Cia peb sim nrhiav seb qhov twg yog hu ua txheej txheem txheej txheem. Xav txog lawv cov kev faib thiab cov kev xaiv uas siv hauv cov tshooj lus

Cov ceg ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws muaj nyob? Dab tsi thiab lawv kawm li cas tam sim no? Lawv lub hom phiaj, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm yog dab tsi?

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev xav yog qhov ua rau tsis lees paub cov lus uas tsis sib haum rau qhov tseeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev ua no nthuav tawm mus rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb tshiab

Lub hauv paus ntawm tib neeg lub neej yog lub hom phiaj kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas ib tus neeg siv sijhawm ntau ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Qee tus ua rau lawv tus kheej txaus siab thiab kev lom zem, lwm tus ua rau cov khoom siv ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab lawv tsev neeg

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch yog tus kws kho mob German nto moo thiab kws kho mob microbiologist, tus yeej Nobel nqi zog, tus tsim ntawm cov kab mob niaj hnub no thiab kev kis mob. Nws yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tsis yog hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, tab sis thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Ntau qhov kev nce qib hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam cov kab mob convection, uas ua ntej nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tseem nyob tsis tau, tau los ua ib qho kev sib tw ntse hauv cov tshuaj

Radioactive lossis ionizing hluav taws xob cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob nyob. Tib neeg raug hluav taws xob tas li nyob rau hauv me me uas tsis ua rau mob hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj zog ua rau muaj mob hnyav thiab muaj kev hem thawj rau lub neej. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev tshwj xeeb ntawm coefficients tau tsim los ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob

Lub tswv yim ntawm "kua hluav taws xob" yog lub hauv paus ruaj khov hauv peb lub siab raws li qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo thiab txaus ntshai. Txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg tseem siv nws rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj. Nws sawv cev li cas tiag? Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob li cas? Nws cuam tshuam li cas rau lub cev muaj sia?

Cov poj niam cov kws tshawb fawb: los ntawm qhov qub qub rau niaj hnub no. Kev koom tes ntawm poj niam rau kev tshawb fawb. Discoveries uas tshwm sim ua tsaug rau cov poj niam kawm

Lub zog sab hauv ntawm cov roj zoo tagnrho suav nrog tsuas yog cov lej ntawm lub zog kinetic ntawm nws cov khoom. Cia peb xav tias cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj thiab nws cov huab hwm coj tseem tsis hloov pauv. Hauv qhov no, lub zog sab hauv tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov kub ntawm cov pa

Muaj kev sib tham ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb neuroscientists, cognitionists thiab philosophers txog seb tib neeg lub hlwb puas tuaj yeem tsim lossis rov tsim dua. Tam sim no kev tawg thiab kev tshawb pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb kev tshawb fawb yog tsis tu ncua paving txoj kev rau ib lub sij hawm thaum lub paj hlwb yuav tsum recreated los ntawm kos. Hauv tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog cov lus nug txog kev txhim kho ntawm kev txawj ntse, nws txoj kev cia siab, nrog rau cov tuam txhab loj thiab cov haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no

Zaj lus no mob siab rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm hom thiab cov pej xeem. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kawm ntawm hom thiab pejxeem, cov txheej txheem thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm speciation, cov txheej txheem, thiab lwm yam yog txiav txim siab

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov kev sim ua tsis tiav siv SpaceX Falcon 9 lub tsheb tso tawm, nws cov npe tso tawm muaj txog 50 hnub thaum pib ntawm 2018, tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm lawv tau ua tsis tiav. Tab sis lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - kev siv rov qab siv tau ntawm thawj theem, thiab tom qab ntawd lwm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw kov yeej, Elon Musk cov kws ua haujlwm tau tswj kom ua tiav

Kev xav tsis yog lub peev xwm ua siab ntev thiab xav txog lwm tus tus ntsuj plig, tab sis muaj peev xwm nkag siab txog lub hlwb thiab lub siab lub ntsws ntawm tus neeg, hnov nws lub siab xav thiab tib lub sijhawm paub tias lawv yog nws

Carbonic acid, uas yog cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm carbon dioxide, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus thiab amphoteric oxides, ammonia, thiab alkalis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov ntsev nruab nrab tau txais - carbonates, thiab muab cov pa roj carbonic acid ntau dhau - bicarbonates. Hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav tau paub txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm magnesium bicarbonate, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws qhov kev faib tawm hauv qhov xwm txheej

Embryology yog dab tsi? Nws ua dab tsi thiab nws kawm dab tsi? Embryology yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog ib feem ntawm lub neej voj voog ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob txij li lub sijhawm zygote tau tsim (fertilization ntawm lub qe) txog thaum nws yug los

Kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg embryo yog txheej txheem nyuaj. Thiab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kom raug ntawm tag nrho cov khoom nruab nrog cev thiab kev muaj peev xwm ntawm tus neeg yav tom ntej belongs rau cov kabmob ntxiv-embryonic, uas tseem hu ua ntu. Cov kabmob no yog dab tsi? Thaum twg lawv tsim thiab lawv ua lub luag haujlwm dab tsi? Dab tsi yog qhov evolution ntawm tib neeg cov kabmob ntxiv-embryonic? Peb yuav teb cov lus nug no hauv kab lus no

Tsis muaj ntau ntawm peb paub tus kheej ntawm Claude Bernard. Yog tias koj tab tom kawm hauv tsev kawm kho mob lossis tsev kawm qib siab, tom qab ntawd paub tus tsim ntawm endocrinology thiab physiology tsuas yog tsim nyog. Qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej thiab kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kws kho mob - ntau dua

Alkyd resins: tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, kev faib tawm, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Hloov kho thiab tsis hloov kho alkyds. Cov txheej txheem kom tau txais cov tshuaj no. Daim ntawv thov rau zus tau tej cov xim thiab varnishes thiab lawv cov nta. Environmental yam

Thaj chaw, lossis raws li nws tseem hu ua, allopatric speciation yog qhov tsim ntawm hom tshiab hauv kev sib cais spatial. Yooj yim hais, tsim ib hom los ntawm cov pej xeem nyob hauv thaj chaw sib txawv

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lymphatic system. Lymphatic capillaries thiab lawv lub hom phiaj. Cov qauv ntawm cov hlab ntsha lymphatic. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lymph rau tib neeg lub cev. Qhov sib txawv ntawm lymphatic system thiab circulatory system. Anatomically, lymphatic system muaj xws li: lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic hlab ntsha nrog nce caliber; lawv sib koom ua ke rau hauv ducts los yog pob tw, cov qog nqaij hlav thiab cov kab mob lymphatic lawv tus kheej