Txhua lub neej, pib ntawm tsev neeg thiab xaus nrog tib neeg, muaj kev nco qab. Nws cov ntaub ntawv yog kev paub, kev coj ncaj ncees, kev ntseeg, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis, undoubtedly, ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog science. Nws yog nws uas tsim kev paub tshiab hauv zej zog.
Dab tsi yog science
Kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis txoj kev kawm sab ntsuj plig nyuaj tshaj plaws raws li ntau yam hauv paus. Lub tswv yim, cov cim qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab nws txoj kev txiav txim siab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev paub txog science. Raws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias:
- Knowledge system. Hauv lwm lo lus, raws li tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais kev paub tshiab. Qhov no suav nrog kev kawm nrog kev pab ntawm epistemology - cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb. Lub hauv paus yog lub ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom ntawm kev paub. Kev paub txog txuj ci muaj txiaj ntsig hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub hom phiaj kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog lub hom phiaj vim nws tsis nyob ntawm lub xeev ntawm qhov kev kawm.
- Ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm ntiaj teb kev pom. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib yam khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm tib neeg lub neej, embodying muaj tswv yim txoj kev loj hlob. Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, kev tshawb fawb tau suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tib neeg tsim raws liKev ntseeg, kos duab, kev cai lij choj, kev xav, thiab lwm yam. Thaum kev tshawb fawb tsim, lwm qhov chaw ntawm kab lis kev cai hloov pauv nrog rau nws. Cov qauv no kuj ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov opposite direction.
- social institution. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb tab tom tham txog kev sib raug zoo lub neej, nyob rau hauv uas science yog perceived raws li ib tug network ntawm ntau interconnected tsev. Piv txwv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no yog cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tsev qiv ntawv, kev kawm thiab lwm yam. Lawv koom nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm qee qib thiab ua haujlwm sib luag rau lawv txoj haujlwm. Yog li, kev tshawb fawb yog ib lub koom haum kom meej meej, lub hom phiaj yog los ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg.
Qhov txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb
txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog ua ntej ntawm txhua yam kom nkag siab txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim xws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Lawv feem ntau suav hais tias yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev paub. Lawv txoj kev kawm yog feem ntau raws li lub siab xav los txiav txim siab rau sab epistemological ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb, tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm yam khoom ntawm kev paub. Txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb thaum ub tau xav txog kev nrhiav cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev paub nrog cov ntaub ntawv xws li kev xav, kev xav, kev xav, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab cov cim qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb, uas pab kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntau dua.. Kev tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas xya lub ntsiab.
- thawj lub cim ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog kev ncaj ncees thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb, uas yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev nco qab tsis zoo.
- Thib ob - qhib, lossis, ua lwm yam lus, qhov tsis tiav ntawm kev paub txog txuj ci, uas yog, nws qhov kev ua kom zoo dua qub thiab ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb tshiab.
- Thib peb - suav nrog lub siab xav piav qhia cov kev cai siv qhov tseeb thiab txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam.
- tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub yog lub cim thib plaub ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
- thib tsib yog lub peev xwm los tsim cov kev paub txog science raws li qhov tsim nyog hauv txhua qhov chaw thiab tsis hais lub sijhawm twg.
- Qhov thib rau thiab xya lub cim ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog qhov tsis muaj kev vam khom ntawm kev paub txog kev paub txog tus kheej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus, khoom siv, txoj kev, raws li.
Kev faib tawm dav dav ntawm txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb
Teb cov lus nug ntawm seb cov kev tshawb fawb hauv av tau muab cais li cas, BM Kedrov tuaj nrog cov ntsiab lus dav dav. Raws li nws, tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb tau muab faib ua plaub chav kawm. Thawj chav kawm yog philosophical sciences, uas suav nrog dialectics thiab logic. Rau qhov thib ob nws tau suav tias yog lej sciences, suav nrog lej thiab lej logic. Qhov thib peb yog qhov dav tshaj plaws, raws li nws suav nrog kev kawm txuj ci thiab ntuj tsim ib zaug, hauv cov npe uas:
- mechanics;
- astronomy;
- astrophysics;
- physics (chemical thiab lub cev);
- chemistry;
- geochemistry;
- geography;
- geology;
- biochemistry;
- physiology;
- biology;
- anthropology.
Thiab cov chav kawm kawg raws li Kedrov yog social sciences, uasmuab faib ua peb pawg:
- History, ethnography, archaeology.
- Kev lag luam kev lag luam, keeb kwm kos duab, kev cai lij choj thiab keeb kwm kos duab.
- Linguistics, pedagogical sciences thiab psychology.
Cov cim qhia txog kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tau muab faib ua ntau yam. Feem ntau yog cov kev kawm thiab kev paub txog kev paub, raws li cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm xwm (natural science), haiv neeg (social science) thiab kev xav (logic) txawv. Technical sciences raug faib rau hauv ib pawg. Tau kawg, txhua pab pawg ntawm kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg.
Kev faib tawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv lub sijhawm keeb kwm sib txawv
Thawj zaug, Aristotle tau hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev faib cov kev tshawb fawb rau hauv cov chav kawm rov qab los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg. Nws tau sau peb pawg loj: cov tswv yim, theoretical thiab muaj tswv yim. Tus Roman encyclopedist Mark Vorron tau txhais cov kev faib tawm raws li cov npe ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb dav dav: dialectics, qauv sau ntawv, rhetoric, lej, geometry, suab paj nruag, astrology, architecture thiab tshuaj. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Muslim Arab yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab nkag siab tshaj plaws. Lawv hu ua ob chav kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb - Arabic thiab txawv teb chaws. Cov qub muaj xws li oratory thiab poetics, tom kawg - lej, tshuaj thiab astronomy. Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov kws tshawb fawb kuj nrhiav kev tso lawv tus kheej version ntawm kev faib. Hugo Saint-Victoria, hauv nws lub zeem muag, tau txheeb xyuas plaub pawg neeg ywj pheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb:
- Theoretical - physics thiab lej.
- Practical.
- Mechanical - yos hav zoov, ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj, navigation,theatre.
- Logical - qauv sau ntawv thiab cov lus hais.
Nyob rau hauv lem, R. Bacon qhia ib qho kev faib tawm raws li kev txawj ntse. Thawj pab pawg suav nrog keeb kwm piav qhia qhov tseeb, qhov thib ob - theoretical sciences, thib peb - kos duab, paj huam thiab ntawv nyeem hauv qhov dav dav. Rojan Bacon ntseeg hais tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los faib cov kev tshawb fawb hauv plaub yam lus qhia. Logic, qauv sau ntawv, kev ncaj ncees, metaphysics yuav tsum sib cais, thiab lej, nrog rau lub tswv yim ntuj tsim, yuav tsum sawv tawm raws li kev ywj pheej. Kev ua lej, hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm xwm.
Kev cais ntawm tsiaj sciences
Hais txog cov txheej txheem uas cov tsiaj tshawb fawb tau muab cais tawm, ib qho tseem ceeb sawv tawm - koom nrog ib hom tsiaj. Lub classifier faib cov tsiaj mus rau hauv vertebrates thiab invertebrates. Vertebrates tau kawm los ntawm tsib yam kev tshawb fawb: ornithology (noog), theriology (niam txiv neej), batrachology (amphibians), herpetology (cov tsiaj reptiles), ichthyology (ntses). Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum cov kev tshawb fawb uas kawm primates tau muab cais tawm, tab sis feem ntau nws suav nrog hauv theriology, vim lawv qhov xwm txheej primates yog tsiaj. Invertebrates kuj tuaj yeem muab faib raws li kev tshawb fawb tsiaj txhu. Protozoology kawm txog cov kab mob uas yooj yim tshaj plaws, arthropodology kawm arthropods, malacology paub txhua yam txog mollusks, thiab entomology tuaj yeem qhia txog tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm kab lub neej. Tab sis kuj muaj ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas koom ua ketag nrho cov cheeb tsam no yog zoology, uas kawm tag nrho cov tsiaj.
Semiotics yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws sciences
Txhua yam kab mob yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los kho thaum pib. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas nws raws sijhawm, nws yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov tsos mob tshwm sim. Semiotics, raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov cim qhia thiab tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob, cuam tshuam nrog qhov teeb meem no. Nws yog hais txog kev siv tshuaj, uas, siv cov kev tshawb fawb kho mob, kawm txog cov tsos mob ntawm cov kab mob. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov cim qhia ntawm tus kab mob tau muab faib ua feem ntau thiab tshwj xeeb. Ib qho kev nthuav dav suav nrog cov lus piav qhia thiab kev faib ua tiav ntawm txhua qhov tsos mob, nrog rau cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem rau lawv cov tsos vim yog cov qauv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm pathologies. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tsos mob no yog o, dystrophy, degeneration, thiab lwm yam. General semiotics kuj muaj nws cov tsos mob ntau yam hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kuaj mob:
- pathological;
- them nyiaj (xav txog cov organic thiab kev hloov pauv hauv cov substrates);
- pathognomonic;
- general.
Raws li lub sijhawm pib, cov tsos mob tau muab faib ua ntxov thiab lig. Nyob rau hauv lem, private semiotics deals nrog cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov cim qhia thiab cov tsos mob ntawm tej yam kab mob. Txhua qhov kev qhuab qhia kho mob pib tshawb fawb soj ntsuam nrog kev kawm ntawm semiotics ntawm ib hom tshwj xeeb. Kuj tseem muaj semiotics raws li keeb kwm pathologies. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm no scientific kev taw qhia, hereditary kab mob, lawv cov tsos mob thiab pathologies tau kawm.
Nyob ntawm kev txiav txim
Kev cai lij choj yog qhov kev paub txog lub xeev thiab kev cai lij choj, cov qauv ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim, kev loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov cim qhia kev cai lij choj tau muab faib ua peb pawg. Raws li thawj zaug, qhov kev tshawb fawb no hu ua social applications nature. Raws li ib feem ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no, nws yuav tsum kawm txog cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg, kev coj ua raws cai thiab kev kawm, nrog rau muab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv daim teb no nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab rau kev tshaj tawm txoj cai tshiab.
Nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob nws suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias kev cai lij choj science yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev paub tshwj xeeb, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub proportions. Muaj kev xav tias feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov kev cai lij choj zoo ib yam li tshuaj, txij li ob qho tib si ua ke ob qho tib si theoretical thiab siv cov khoom siv. Ib yam li kws kho mob, tus kws lij choj tau ntsib nrog kev daws teeb meem ntsig txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub neej. Txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws lij choj suav nrog kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv "kho" cov kev phem hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg thiab lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig ntawm txhua tus neeg. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias tib neeg cov cim ntawm kev tshawb fawb (qhov no, kev cai lij choj thiab tshuaj), uas yog keeb kwm yav dhau los.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thib peb ntawm kev muaj nyob ntawm kev cai lij choj yog nws lub peev xwm los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Nqe lus no yog ua raws li qhov tseeb tias txoj cai lij choj kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev xav txog lub hom phiaj kev muaj tiag hauv kev cai lij choj uas tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem tsim thiab kev siv cov cai tshiab hauv kev xyaum. Yog vim li casForensic science, raws li ib qho ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev cai lij choj, yog tsom rau kev nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg kev xav thiab siv cov kev paub tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav.
Leej twg kawm yav dhau los
Txhua tus paub tias yam tsis paub yav dhau los, tsim lub neej tom ntej tsis muaj peev xwm. Txhua tus neeg uas tsis poob yuav pom tias nws lub nroog, lub tebchaws thiab lub ntiaj teb nyob li cas ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv. Txhawm rau nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog yav dhau los yuav siv sij hawm qhov kev paub zoo ntawm keeb kwm. Nws yog nws uas kawm txog cov peev txheej uas tau khaws cia los ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los ntawm tib neeg lub neej, raws li nws tsim kom muaj qhov sib lawv liag ntawm cov xwm txheej. Qhov tseeb, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab nws cov txheej txheem keeb kwm yog ua raws li cov qauv thiab cov cai rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, nrog rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj pom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm thiab kos cov lus xaus uas tso cai rau sau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseeb. Thawj zaug cov txheej txheem no tau siv rau hauv kev xyaum los ntawm Thucydides. Nws yog kev ua haujlwm raws li cov txheej txheem keeb kwm uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm cais lub sijhawm keeb kwm: keeb kwm yav dhau los, lub ntiaj teb thaum ub, Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, niaj hnub thiab tam sim no. Muaj ntau ntau qhov kev qhuab qhia keeb kwm, kev ua haujlwm uas tso cai rau tsis yog tsuas yog paub txog yav dhau los, tab sis kuj tsim nws thiab xa mus rau tib neeg. Cov tseem ceeb yog:
- archaeology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kawm cov khoom siv yav dhau los;
- genealogy - kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg;
- chronology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawmib ntus ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm.
Ua raws li tus hneev taw ntawm Jules Verne
Kev tshawb fawb nrov tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li kev tshaj tawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb rau ntau tus neeg hauv hom kev nkag siab. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyiam cov kws tshawb fawb yog ua cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov lus tshawb fawb mus rau cov lus ntawm cov neeg mloog uas tsis cuam tshuam txog kev tshawb fawb. Lawv kuj yuav tsum tsim cov lus piav qhia nthuav dav los ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb qhuav uas yuav ua rau muaj kev xav rau hauv lawv txoj kev kawm.
Kev tshawb fawb tsis tseeb yog suav tias yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyiam kev tshawb fawb. Jules Verne, hlub los ntawm ntau tus, tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev txhim kho cov qauv no. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias qhov ntau yog nqis peev hauv kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tshawb fawb, qhov ntau dua yog tias cov tub ntxhais hluas yuav tuaj rau thaj chaw no. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws los khaws lawv cov haujlwm thiab kev ua tiav thiab qhia lawv rau cov tub ntxhais hluas. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov neeg hauv keeb kwm uas ntseeg hais tias kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum muaj rau tib neeg ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, vim tias lawv, tsis zoo li cov neeg coob coob, paub tseeb siv nws li cas. Qhov kev xav no tau qhia los ntawm Tycho Brahe. Ludwig Fadeev, kws tshaj lij ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Sciences, ntseeg hais tias, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj kev paub txog science (piv txwv li, txhua tus neeg them se yuav tsum nkag siab tias yog vim li cas cov se muaj). Tab sis muaj qee lub sijhawm uas tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab, thiab yog li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog quarks, hlua, Yang-Mills teb mus txog cov neeg uas muaj kev dag ntxias me me.
21st century sciences
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshiab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho,cuam tshuam nrog lub siab xav ntawm txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb los ua qhov tshwj xeeb. Hauv qhov no, ntau qhov chaw tshiab ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim hauv peb lub xyoo pua:
- Neuroparasitology yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog macroparasites uas nyob hauv lub cev ntawm tsev neeg miv, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov tsiaj ntshav sov li tib neeg.
- Quantum biology yog ib qho kev taw qhia hauv biology, nyob rau hauv uas cov tsiaj nyob raug txiav txim siab los ntawm kev xav ntawm quantum theory.
- Exometeorology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev kawm cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm lwm lub ntiaj teb siv lub koob yees duab muaj zog.
- Nutrigenomics yog kev kawm txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom noj thiab cov genome qhia.
- Cliodynamics yog kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb uas sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov qauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm keeb kwm macrosociology, keeb kwm kev lag luam, kev ua lej ntawm cov txheej txheem mus sij hawm ntev ntawm tib neeg, systematization thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.
- Synthetic biology yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tsim thiab tsim cov kab ke lom neeg tshiab.
- Computational sociology yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas tsom rau kev kawm phenomena thiab tiam sis hauv zej zog siv computer technologies rau kev ua ntaub ntawv.
- Recombinant memetics yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb tshiab uas kawm txog kev hloov cov tswv yim ntawm ib tus neeg mus rau lwm tus, yuav ua li cas kho lawv thiab muab lawv nrog lwm cov memes.
