Ntawm no thiab tam sim no peb yuav txiav txim siab cybernetics ua kev tshawb fawb nyuaj, cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam teeb meem ntawm tib neeg. Peb teev cov ceg ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no thiab qhia txog lawv qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thiab cov teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem uas lawv tau koom nrog, thiab tseem ua tib zoo saib txog keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cybernetics.
Science Overview
Cybernetics (k-ka) yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas sib txuas ntau yam ntawm cov ceg kawm ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog tsom rau kev kawm txog cov kev cai lij choj hais txog kev txais, kev khaws cia, kev hloov pauv thiab kev xa cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab kev tswj hwm, piv txwv li, hauv tsheb, zej zog lossis lub cev muaj sia.
Cov ntu ntawm cybernetics tau muab faib ua ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kawm ntau yam ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm tib neeg, txhua qhov chaw, nrog kev pab ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv, tus neeg tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau hauv cov xwm txheej.
Lub sij hawm tau coined los ntawm Ampere. Thaum pib, nws tau txhais cybernetic science raws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tsoomfwv ntawm lub tebchaws, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev sib txawv ntawm pej xeem.cov txiaj ntsig uas twb muaj lawm. Tam sim no, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau txhais raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov kev cai lij choj uas tau pom thiab siv hauv kev xa cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov qauv siv tshuab, lub cev thiab lub neej; lub sij hawm tau coined los ntawm N. Wiener.
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los txhais qhov kev tshawb fawb no, xws li Lewis Kaufman, Gordon Pask, thiab lwm yam.
Ntu ntawm cybernetics suav nrog kev kawm txog kev tawm tswv yim, lub thawv dub, muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv tshuab, cov kab mob nyob thiab cov koom haum. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsom rau kev ua thiab teb cov ntaub ntawv.
Muaj 7 ntu tseem ceeb ntawm cybernetics, tab sis feem ntau psychology thiab sociology tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov ceg sib cais ntawm kev kawm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no, yog li qee zaum lawv muab faib ua 8.
Field of activity
Txoj kev loj hlob thiab ntu ntawm cybernetics, lawv tsim thiab thaj chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom ntawm kev kawm, uas yog txhua qhov system uas tuaj yeem tswj tau. Lub tswv yim ntawm cybernetic mus kom ze thiab lub kaw lus tau nkag mus rau hauv cybernetics, qhov twg qhov system nws tus kheej raug suav tias yog lub tswv yim paub daws teeb, uas tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lawv cov khoom siv. Piv txwv ntawm cov qauv no tuaj yeem ua tus tswj hwm tsis siv neeg hauv ntau lub tshuab, tshuab, tib neeg lub hlwb thiab nws cov zej zog, cov pej xeem lom neeg, thiab lwm yam. Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau yam ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv kev xav, lub txoj kev uas lawv pom, cim thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab, tau kawg, muaj peev xwm ntawm nws cov kev sib pauv ntawm cov tshuab. Cybernetics tab tom txhim khocov ntsiab cai dav dav uas tso cai rau koj los tswj cov kab ke thiab coj mus rau automation. Cov tsos ntawm cybernetics yog vim kev tsim cov tshuab nyob rau hauv lub forties ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob sai thiab kev siv nyob rau hauv kev xyaum yog txuam nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hluav taws xob computer technology.
Ntxiv rau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, cybernetics siv cov cuab yeej muaj zog los tsim cov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas lej, linear algebra, txoj kev xav yuav tshwm sim, computer science, econometrics, thiab lwm yam.
Cybernetics ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev xav txog kev ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cybernetics, raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tswj lub cev muaj zog, kawm tag nrho cov kev tswj hwm uas twb muaj lawm thiab lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm txhua qhov xwm txheej, los ntawm homing missile mus rau lub cev muaj sia nyob. Qhov kev txiav txim thib ob cybernetic thiab nws cov ntsiab lus.
Cybernetics muaj ntau ceg, thiab cov txheej txheem thiab ntu ntawm cybernetics tuaj yeem muab faib raws li ntau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, tab sis ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov thib ob-txiav cybernetics thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv biology.
Ntshiab Cybernetics
Cia peb txiav txim siab zaum ob (ntshiab) k-ku. Qhov no yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm raws li lub tswv yim. Nws sim nrhiav nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus.
Hauv cybernetics ntshiab, thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm thiab kev ua ub no tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas:
- Artificial txawj ntse yog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis uas tsim cov tshuab muaj txiaj ntsig nrogkev txawj ntse. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau cov khoos phis tawj khoos phis tawj, cov khoom ntawm cov tshuab ntse thiab lawv lub peev xwm los ua lub luag haujlwm muaj tswv yim, uas suav tias yog ib qho ntawm tus neeg.
- K-ka ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib ob - ib daim ntawv ntawm cybernetics reoriented ua ntej rau kev lom neeg thiab daim ntawv ntawm nws txoj kev paub, tsom mus rau qhov kev kawm. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no ntseeg tias qhov tseeb yog tsim los ntawm tus kheej, thiab cov kev paub uas twb muaj lawm yog "ib txwm" ntawm cov ncauj lus, tab sis tsis zoo ib yam rau lub ntiaj teb kev paub txog kev paub.
- Computer daim ntawv ntawm lub zeem muag - kev pom kev, uas yog raws li kev siv tshuab uas tso cai rau cov cav tov los ntes, taug qab thiab faib cov khoom. Raws li kev qhuab qhia thev naus laus zis, qhov kev lag luam no nrhiav kev siv cov ntaub ntawv theoretical thiab cov qauv ntawm kev kaw qhov muag kom tsim tau lub computer tsis pom kev. Cov piv txwv tiag tiag yog: kev soj ntsuam video, qauv ntawm cov khoom nyob ib puag ncig, kev sib cuam tshuam, cov duab suav, thiab lwm yam.
- Control system - ib pawg ntawm cov cuab yeej rau kev sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom tswj, nrog rau cov kev xaiv los cuam tshuam rau nws. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Cov khoom tuaj yeem yog tib neeg thiab tshuab. Cov qauv kev sib raug zoo tuaj yeem muaj ob yam khoom.
- Txoj kev tswj hwm, qhov twg tus neeg ua raws li kev tswj hwm txuas, hu ua kev tswj hwm.
- Cov ntu tseem ceeb ntawm cybernetics kuj suav nrog kev tshwm sim (tshwj xeeb). Systems theory txhais cov ntsiab lus nocybernetics raws li cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm lub kaw lus uas nws cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj. Yog li, muaj ib qho irreducibility ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm lub system mus rau tag nrho cov sum ntawm nws tsis nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tag nrho cov Cheebtsam. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim no hu ua qhov system effect.
Tshawb nrhiav hauv Biology
Ntu ntawm cybernetics uas kawm txog lub cev yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais hauv kev kawm thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub cev muaj sia. Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm yog kev hloov ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig lawv thiab xav txog txoj hauv kev uas cov tshuaj genetic kis tau los ntawm niam txiv mus rau cov me nyuam. Muaj lwm qhov kev taw qhia - cyborgs.
Cov ntu qub ntawm cybernetics uas kawm txog kev lom neeg muaj xws li:
- Bioengineering yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab siv nws li cas hauv kev kho mob thiab kev tshawb fawb lom neeg. Cov teb ntawm biological engineering ntau yam los ntawm kev tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.
- Biological k-ka - scientific perception ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev thiab technology ntawm cybernetics, koom nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm physiological thiab biological teeb meem.
- Bioinformatics yog ib ceg ntawm cybernetics uas kawm txog tag nrho cov kev thiab txoj hauv kev. suav nrog kev ua lej, algorithmic thiab cov tswv yim tswv yim.
- Bionics yog ib qho kev qhia siv tau hais txog kev siv cov khoom, qhov tsis muaj, kev ua tau ua thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov xwm txheej rau cov cuab yeej siv thiab cov qauv txheej txheem ntawm lawv lub koom haum.
- Tom ntejntu ntawm cybernetics uas kawm txog lub cev yog hu ua kev kho mob science - cov kev xaiv rau kev siv cov cuab yeej technology thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev kho mob thiab kev kho mob. Ntawm no, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kev suav thiab ib qho kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg hauv lub koom haum saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv tau sau tseg.
- Ntxiv rau cov ceg ntoo uas tau hais los saum toj no ntawm kev kawm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm biological science, qhov no kuj suav nrog neurocybernetics, kev kawm txog lub xeev ntawm homeostasis, hluavtaws biology thiab systems biology.
Introduction to theory of complex systems
Nyob rau hauv cybernetics, lub tswv yim ntawm lub neej ntawm ib tug complex system yog singled tawm. Txoj kev xav ntawm cov tshuab no cuam tshuam nrog kev tsom xam ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej thiab cov laj thawj hauv qab lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog hu ua Complex Adaptive System (CAS), txoj kev xav ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab cov txheej txheem nyuaj nws tus kheej.
Cia peb xav txog ib qho ntawm cov khoom no, uas yog CAC. Nws muaj qee tus lej ntawm cov khoom:
- Tsim los ntawm ntau lub subsystems.
- suav tias yog qhov qhib hom kaw lus; pauv lub zog muaj peev xwm, tshuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tshuab.
- Cov khoom ntawm cov qauv zoo li no tsis suav los ntawm nws cov koom haum me me.
- Nws muaj hom fractal ntawm cov qauv.
- Tej zaum yuav nyob twj ywm.
- Muaj peev xwm ua kom qhov kev txiav txim thiab qhov nyuaj los ntawm kev ua kom haum.
Computer systems thiab cybernetics
Khoos phis tawj thev naus laus zis yog siv los ntawm tus txiv neej los tshuaj xyuas cov khoom saucov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tswj cov cuab yeej. Cov ntsiab lus saum toj no ntawm ntshiab cybernetics, kev txawj ntse txawj ntse thiab lub zeem muag hauv computer kuj suav nrog ntawm no, tab sis, ntxiv rau lawv, lawv kuj txawv:
- neeg hlau - ib qho kev tawm dag zog koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm ntawm hom automated;
- DSSS yog qhov kev txhawb nqa thiab kev txiav txim siab, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los pab tus neeg hauv kev txiav txim siab nyuaj. Lub ntsiab feature yog ib tug tag nrho lub hom phiaj tsom xam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas;
- cellular automaton yog ib tug qauv ntawm ib tug discrete hom, uas yog kawm los ntawm: lej, theoretical biology, computability theory, physics, thiab kuj micromechanics. Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cellular automaton kev tshawb fawb yog kev kawm ntawm algorithmic solvability ntawm tej teeb meem;
- simulator - imitation ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj los ntawm lub tshuab lossis ib tus neeg;
- txoj kev paub txog tus qauv yog ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv computer thiab lwm yam kev qhuab qhia, koom nrog kev tsim cov txheej txheem rau kev faib thiab txheeb xyuas, xwm txheej, teeb liab, xwm txheej, txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom lossis pab pawg ntawm cov khoom uas tau kawm, yam ntxwv los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug txwv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm qualitative yam ntxwv thiab nta. Siv ntau yam los ntawm tub rog mus rau kev ruaj ntseg systems;
- control system - ib txheej txheej ntawm kev sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib yam khoom raws li kev tswj hwm thiab kev xaiv rau kev cuam tshuam tus cwj pwm ntawm ib qho kev kawm lossis khoom. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom ua tiav cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb;
- automated control system (ACS) - kev kawm tiav los ntawm txhais tau tiashardware thiab software hom. Lwm qhov ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog los tswj cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis, kev tsim khoom lag luam.
Kev siv cybernetics hauv engineering
Ntu ntawm cybernetics hauv engineering kev ua haujlwm tau muab faib ua:
- Ib qho kev hloov pauv uas qhov hloov pauv tsis siv neeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv algorithmic tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm qhov system.
- Ergonomics - kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub luag haujlwm, chaw ua haujlwm, khoom siv ua haujlwm thiab lawv cov kev kawm thiab cov haujlwm virtual.
- Biomedical engineering - daim ntawv thiab txoj hauv kev siv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm engineering, nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv kev kho mob thiab kev tshawb fawb lom neeg.
- Neurocomputers yog cov ntaub ntawv ua cov txheej txheem raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev neural system.
- Technical cybernetics yog ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev kawm txog kev tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem. Cov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb yog kev tsim kom muaj kev tswj hwm lub cev.
- Systems engineering yog kev qhuab qhia los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet engineering, uas tau mob siab rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim, tsim thiab sim cov tshuab ntawm hom kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, nrog rau kev pom rau lawv cov haujlwm ntxiv.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cybernetics thiab kev lag luam thiab lej
Sections of cybernetics of lej thiab kev lag luam tau muab faib ua 6 ceg ntawm kev kawm, peb rau txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb cais.
Ntawm cov kev kawm ntawm kev lag luam, peb ib leeg tawm: kev tshawb fawb txog nyiaj txiag, kev tswj hwm thiabkev tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog nrhiav cov tswv yim uas siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws thaum ntsib ntau yam teeb meem siv, piv txwv li, kev txheeb cais lossis kev ua lej ua qauv.
Ntu ntawm lej cybernetics suav nrog cov tshuab ntawm hom dynamic, cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb xav thiab cov kev xav dav dav. Lawv feem ntau koom nrog kev daws teeb meem uas yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus meej ntawm qhov tsis muaj, txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Cov lej sawv cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cybernetics yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws thiab raug.
Psychology, sociology thiab cybernetics
Nyob rau hauv psychology thiab sociology seem ntawm cybernetics tau muab faib ua kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev sib raug zoo k-tic thiab memetics. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb no yog kev kawm txog cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam hauv ntau lub tshuab ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov xwm txheej, nco qab thiab tsis nco qab spheres, tus qauv ntawm lub hlwb tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg thiab kev kawm txog kev xav ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nco qab, kab lis kev cai thiab nws cov evolution.
History information
keeb kwm thiab ntu ntawm cybernetics tau txuas nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb no. Qhov pib ntawm niaj hnub k-ki tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog qhov pib ntawm xyoo 1940, qhov chaw uas nws yog ib qho kev sib koom tes ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau hom kev tswj, kev xav ntawm hluav taws xob Circuit Court, cov qauv ntawm cov cav tov, hom qauv tsim qauv, biology. nyob rau hauv nws evolutionary kev taw qhia ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev tshawb fawb neurological. Thawj qhov ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tswj hwm hluav taws xob hauv paus yog suav tias yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm HaroldDub (1927). Feem ntau, thawj lo lus "cybernetics" hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub tau siv los hais txog kev kos duab ntawm statesmen.
Cov ntaub ntawv thiab ntu ntawm cybernetics tuaj yeem muab faib raws li kev koom nrog rau lub sijhawm uas qhov tshwm sim no lossis qhov tshwm sim, cov ntaub ntawv tau kawm. Kev tshawb fawb nws tus kheej tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov tshiab thiab qub k-ku, qhov tshiab pib xyoo 1970s, thiab cov qub, feem, txij li lub sijhawm science tshwm sim.
Txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm xya caum tau nthuav dav hauv biology, tab sis kev tshawb fawb hauv cov yim caum tau tsom mus rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej thiab nws cov pab pawg, kev nco qab ntawm qhov kev kawm uas tsim thiab tsim cov qauv ntawm cov zej zog nom tswv.
Tsis ntev los no, kev siv zog ntau tau muab tso rau hauv kev kawm txog kev ua si txoj kev xav, evolutionary tawm tswv yim systems thiab kawm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau txhawb nqa kev txaus siab rau kev tshawb fawb hauv nqe lus nug.
