Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv kom nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev yog kev kawm txog cov tshuaj hormonal. Yuav kom nkag siab txog cov qauv no thiab ntau theem, nws yog qhov zoo dua los xa mus rau lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov qog endocrine, lawv cov tshuaj hormones thiab kev ua haujlwm. Nrog nws cov kev pab, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab qhov teeb meem no kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Cov qog feem ntau yog dab tsi thiab cov qog endocrine yog dab tsi?
Hlau yog ib qho khoom nruab nrog hauv tib neeg lossis tsiaj lub cev uas tsim thiab tso tawm qee yam tshuaj lom neeg uas tsim nyog los tswj txoj sia. Cov tshuaj no hu ua secrets. Lawv tuaj yeem raug tso tawm rau hauv cov kab sab hauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev - mus rau hauv cov ntshav, lymph - lossis tawm. Raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, cov qog tau muab faib ua cov kabmob ntawm sab hauv, sab nraud thiab sib xyaw ua ke. Cov qog endocrine yog cov khoom nruab nrog cev: lawv tsis muaj cov ducts tso tawm. Feem ntau, lawv tsim cov endocrine system. Rooj"Glands thiab Hormones" qhia qhov no kom meej meej.
YEndocrine system
Nws yog kev sib txuas ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, hlwb thiab cov qog endocrine uas zais zais zais (hormones) rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov qog ntshav thiab cov kua dej sib txuas thiab yog li ua raws li kev tswj hwm hormonal. Nws ib txwm muaj peb ntu:
- Ib kab mob endocrine uas tsis muaj haujlwm ntxiv. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws cov khoom tsim tawm yog cov tshuaj hormones.
- Lub cev ntawm cov qog ntawm cov qog ua kua sib xyaw, uas, ntxiv rau endocrine, kuj ua lwm yam haujlwm. Nws suav nrog thymus, pancreas thiab gonads.
- Lub cev ntawm cov qog hlwb uas zais cov tshuaj hormone zoo li. Cov tshuaj hormones uas tsim los ntawm cov kabmob no nkag ncaj qha rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov qog ntshav lossis cov ntaub so ntswg.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qog endocrine thiab lawv cov tshuaj hormones
Cov lus hauv qab no piav qhia ntau yam haujlwm ntawm lub kaw lus no. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias nws tsim cov tshuaj hormones uas tswj tau thiab muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev. Yog li, thawj zaug, cov kab mob endocrine ua haujlwm ntawm kev tswj hwm tshuaj, tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub cev, yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem ntawm hematopoiesis, metabolism, thiab lwm yam. Secondly, nws tswj qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm lub cev, pab nws yoog. rau cov teebmeem ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud. Thib peb, nrog rau lwm cov kab ke, nws koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob, nws cov cim kev sib deev thiab kev yug me nyuam, nrog rau cov txheej txheem kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob. Lub hlwb kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev kuj tseem nyob ntawm cov kab mob endocrine ntawm cov qog thiab cov tshuaj hormones (kev ua haujlwm hauv lub rooj).
YPituitary
Nov yog lub caj pas me me, tab sis tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub cev. Lub caj pas pituitary nyob rau hauv fossa ntawm pob txha sphenoid ntawm pob txha taub hau, yog txuam nrog lub hypothalamus thiab muab faib ua peb lobes: anterior (adenohypophysis), nruab nrab thiab posterior (neurohypophysis). Tag nrho cov tshuaj hormones tseem ceeb yog tsim nyob rau hauv adenohypophysis: somatotropic, thyrotropic, adrenocorticotropic, lactotropic, luteinizing, follicle-stimulating - lawv tswj cov excretory kev ua ntawm lub peripheral endocrine qog. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm neurohypophysis, uas yog, lub lobe tom qab, yog cov tshuaj hormones tsim los ntawm hypothalamus txav mus rau hauv nws raws lub pituitary stalk: vasopressin, uas koom nrog hauv kev tswj cov dej hauv lub cev, nce qib ntawm reabsorption ntawm cov kua hauv lub cev. ob lub raum, thiab oxytocin, nrog rau kev pab ntawm cov leeg nqaij contraction.
Cov thyroid caj pas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov qog endocrine uas tsim cov tshuaj hormones uas muaj iodine. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones (cov lus hauv qab no) ntawm cov qog no yog txhawb cov metabolism, kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab tag nrho cov kabmob. Nws cov tshuaj hormones tseem ceeb yog thyroxine thiab triiodothyronine. Kuj tseem muaj qhov thib peb cov tshuaj hormones secreted los ntawm cov thyroid caj pas - calcitonin, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm calcium thiab phosphate hauv lub cev thiab tiv thaiv kev tsim cov hlwb uas rhuav tshem cov pob txha. Nws kuj activates cov tub ntxhais hluascov pob txha hlwb. Lawv koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm mitochondrial, qhov twg cov txheej txheem oxidation tshwm sim nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog-saturated molecules. Vim tsis muaj cov tshuaj hormones ntau lawm, lub zog metabolism raug kev txom nyem: lub plawv pib sib kis tsawg dua thiab qaug zog, ua rau o. Tsis muaj iodine ua rau thickening ntawm cov thyroid cov ntaub so ntswg, ua rau goiter. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov kab mob thyroid, potassium iodide feem ntau suav nrog hauv cov lus ntsev. Nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau ntawm lub cev, lub zog ntau dhau yog tsim: kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv nce, siab nce, oxidative kev cuam tshuam nrawm, tus neeg poob phaus. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav.
Parathyroid qog
Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm cov qog endocrine thiab lawv cov tshuaj hormones (cov lus hauv qab no) kuj suav nrog plaub lub caj pas parathyroid, lawv yog oval nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov thyroid caj pas thiab cov hlab pas. Cov tshuaj hormones tseem ceeb uas lawv tsim yog parathyrin (parathormone). Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tswj cov qib ions hauv cov ntshav. Yog tias nws nce, qib calcium kuj nce ntxiv, thaum cov ntsiab lus phosphate tseem tsis hloov pauv. Kev tso tawm ntau dhau ntawm cov tshuaj parathyroid tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab demineralization ntawm cov pob txha, uas yog fraught nrog cov pob txha pob txha thiab cov leeg tsis muaj zog. Kev tso tawm tsis txaus ntawm cov tshuaj no ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov leeg nqaij thiab lub paj hlwb excitability, mus txog rau kev loj hlob ntawm convulsive tawm tsam.
Pancreas
Lub cev zais cia loj no nyob nruab nrab ntawmduodenum thiab spleen. Qhov intrasecretory ntawm lub txiav yog hu ua cov islets ntawm Langerhans. Lawv yog cov hlwb ntawm ntau hom uas tsim cov tshuaj hormones polypeptide: glucagon, uas txhawb kev tawg ntawm glycogen carbohydrate hauv daim siab, yog li ua rau cov ntshav qabzib nce ntxiv thiab tswj nws qib tsis tu ncua. Insulin, uas tswj cov metabolism ntawm cov protein, rog thiab carbohydrates, txo cov ntshav qabzib. Somatostatin, uas inhibits synthesis ntawm kev loj hlob hormone, insulin thiab glucagon, yog pancreatic polypeptide uas txhawb kev tsim cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab inhibits pancreatic secretion. Ghrelin, uas ua rau kom qab los noj mov. Kev tsis pom zoo ntawm glucagon thiab insulin tuaj yeem ua rau mob ntshav qab zib.
YAdrenals
Cov no yog cov qog me me, cov qog ua pyramid nyob rau saum ob lub raum. Cov lus ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm cov qog endocrine qhia tias lub cev no tsim cov tshuaj hormones hauv nws ob ntu - lub hlwb thiab lub cortex. Hauv cheeb tsam cortical, uas tau muab faib ua peb thaj chaw, corticosteroids raug tsim. Nyob rau hauv thawj cheeb tsam (glomerular), mineralocorticoid cov tshuaj hormones yog tsim los tswj cov ntxhia thiab ion pauv hauv hlwb thiab tswj lawv cov electrolyte tshuav. Hauv qhov thib ob, pob - glucocorticoids uas saib xyuas cov metabolism ntawm cov protein, rog thiab carbohydrates, thiab nyob rau hauv thib peb, mesh cheeb tsam - kev sib deev hormones (androgens).
Lub adrenal medulla thauj catecholamines rau hauv cov ntshav: norepinephrine thiab adrenaline. Norepinephrine tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm lub paj hlwb hauv thaj chaw sympathetic. Catecholamines koom nrogKev tswj hwm ntawm cov rog thiab carbohydrate metabolism, txhawb kev yoog rau kev ntxhov siab, tso adrenaline hauv kev teb rau kev xav.
Thymus caj pas
Lub thymus, lossis thymus, yog ib qho khoom me me nyob tom qab lub sternum, saum toj pob txha. Nws tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thoob plaws hauv tib neeg lub neej. Txawm li cas los xij, thymus caj pas txo qis thiab ua rau tsis muaj zog thaum muaj hnub nyoog - txij li thaum yau mus rau hnub nyoog laus, nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb npaum li qhov ua tau, thiab tom qab ntawd nws maj mam txo. Cov qog no tsim ntau cov tshuaj hormones: thymalin, thymosin, insulin zoo li kev loj hlob, thymic humoral factor. Lub thymus yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob, koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm lub zog metabolism thiab cov qog ntshav, thiab tseem tsim thiab ua kom T-lymphocytes tsim nyog los muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kab mob. Yog tias qhov ua haujlwm ntawm thymus txo qis, kev tiv thaiv kuj tseem txo.
Pineal Gland
Lub caj pas pineal (pineal caj pas) nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hlwb, nruab nrab ntawm lub hemispheres, nyob ib sab ntawm lub hypothalamus. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kev tswj hwm ntawm tib neeg niaj hnub biorhythms. Lub caj pas pineal secretes cov tshuaj hormones melatonin thiab serotonin. Melatonin muaj ib tug calming, relaxing nyhuv, npaj lub cev rau pw tsaug zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws txo qis kev ntxhov siab thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Serotonin yog cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov melatonin. Thaum nruab hnub, nws nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab ua tib yam li serotonin, uas yog tsim los ntawm lwm cov hlwb.
sex glands
Cov gonads suav nrog: hauv cov txiv neej - cov noob qes, hauv poj niam - zes qe menyuam. Cov noob qes tsim cov spermatozoa, tab sis lawv kuj secrete txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones - androgens, xws li testosterone, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lwm yam kev sib deev yam ntxwv, mus rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm lub cev. Lub zes qe menyuam hauv cov poj niam tsim qe, uas yog absorbed rau hauv ib puag ncig sab nraud, thiab poj niam cov tshuaj hormones - estrogens, uas nkag mus rau hauv. Ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj hormones no, cov poj niam thib ob cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib deev tshwm sim, thiab lawv kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov zoo ntawm zes qe menyuam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob leeg txiv neej thiab poj niam cov qog ua rau ob qho tib si androgens thiab estrogens. Thaum lub sij hawm ib txwm kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm ib tug txiv neej muaj ib tug me me ntawm cov poj niam cov tshuaj hormones, thiab nyob rau hauv cov poj niam lub cev - ib tug me ntsis txiv neej. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog physiology ntawm cov qog endocrine thiab lawv cov tshuaj hormones kom meej meej.
| Hlau thiab nws cov tshuaj hormones | Nyob zoo rau lub cev | Hyperfunction | Hypofunction |
|
Pituitary qog (anterior lobe): Ythyrotropin |
tswj kev tso tawm ntawm cov thyroid hormones | Graves' disease | Glandular atrophy |
| YCorticotropin | Tswj cov synthesis thiab tso tawm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm adrenal cortex, cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas ntawm glucocorticoids | Possible Itsenko-Cushing's disease | Kev txo qis ntawm adrenal cortex |
| Somatropin | Y Growth Hormone, xyuas kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev | Thaum me nyuam yaus - gigantism, hauv cov neeg laus - acromegaly | |
| YProlactin | Txhawb kev tsim mis nyuj | Kev cais cov colostrum, kev coj khaub ncaws tsis xwm yeem | Cessation of lactation |
| Follitropin | Txhawb kev tsim cov kab mob | Uterine los ntshav | Tsis muaj ovulation thiab tsis muaj menyuam hauv cov poj niam, hauv cov txiv neej - impotence, testicular atrophy |
|
YPituitary caj pas (poserior lobe): vasopressin |
Txhawb nqa dej rov qab los ntawm lub raum | Risk dej intoxication | Qhia tau tias yog ntshav qab zib insipidus |
| Oxytocin | Txhawb nqa cov leeg nqaij leeg | Hypertension | mob ntshav qab zib insipidus |
|
Thyroid: Y Thyroxine, triiodothyronine |
Controls metabolism, tsub kom excitability ntawm lub paj hlwb | Basedow's disease (metabolism nce, goiter develops) | Myxedema (metabolism txo qis, puffiness tshwm) |
|
Parathyroid: Yparathyrin |
Regulationntshav ion theem | pob txha, pob txha deformity, ua tau nephrocalcinosis | Neuromuscular excitability nce, convulsions, lethargy, lub cev kub poob. |
|
qog adrenal (cortex): aldosterone |
Normalizes cov metabolism hauv cov zaub mov thiab cov organic tshuaj, tsim cov tshuaj hormones deev | Hypertension thaum hluas | Addison tus kab mob. Mob hnyav lossis mob ntev adrenal insufficiency |
| Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) | Tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, cuam tshuam rau cov metabolism. | Hypercortisolism, dhau cortisol tsis muaj zog, lub cev hnyav dhau, ntshav siab, teeb meem tawv nqaij | Addison tus kab mob |
|
qog adrenal (medulla): catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine) |
Kev ntxhov siab hloov kho cov lus teb, fatty acid ntau lawm, kev mob ntshav qab zib, kev tu lub zog | YAdrenal medulla qog | |
|
Pancreas: insulin |
Normalizes ntshav qabzib qib, ua ke glycogen | Tshuaj, fainting | Mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, nce ntshav qabzib, qab zib hauv cov zis |
| YGlucagon | Y rov qab ntawm insulin | ||
|
Gens: androgens |
Ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib deev, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua me nyuam thiab cov txheej txheem metabolic | Seborrhea, pob txuv. Hauv cov poj niam - nce plaub hau kev loj hlob ntawm caj npab, ceg, ntsej muag, kev pheej hmoo ntawm nchuav menyuam, tsis muaj menyuam | Slows puberty thiab kev loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw mos, lub mis loj hlob, tsis muaj zog, infertility |
| YEstrogens, progesterone | Qhov zoo ntawm cov poj niam thiab txiv neej qhov chaw mos | Prostate atrophy, rog dhau | Osteoporosis |
|
YPineal caj pas (pineal caj pas): melatonin |
Tswj lub cev circadian rhythms | Kev laus ntawm lub cev qeeb | pw tsis tsaug zog, ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab, teeb meem plawv |
|
Thymus caj pas: Ythymosin |
Txhawb kev tsim tawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lymphocytes | Hyperplasia ntawm lymphoid apparatus | Kev tiv thaiv txo qis, tus lej ntawm T-lymphocytes hauv cov ntshav txo qis |
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lub rooj, cov qog endocrine, lawv cov tshuaj hormones thiab cov haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones no muaj ntau haiv neeg.
Yuav kom nkag siab tias tib neeg lub cev ua haujlwm li cas thiab koj yuav tsum ua dab tsi los tswj koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias endocrine system ua haujlwm li cas, uas niaj hnub muab peb lub cev nrog cov khoom tsim nyog.
