Carbonic acid, uas yog cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm carbon dioxide, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus thiab amphoteric oxides, ammonia, thiab alkalis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov ntsev nruab nrab tau txais - carbonates, thiab muab cov pa roj carbonic acid ntau dhau - bicarbonates. Hauv tsab xov xwm, peb yuav tau paub txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm magnesium bicarbonate, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws qhov kev faib tawm hauv xwm.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau bicarbonate ion
Ob cov ntsev nruab nrab thiab cov kua qaub, carbonic acid cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, carbon dioxide raug tso tawm. Nws lub xub ntiag tuaj yeem kuaj pom los ntawm kev hla cov pa roj los ntawm kev daws cov dej txiv qaub. Turbidity yog pom vim nag lossis daus ntawm ib qho insoluble precipitate ntawm calcium carbonate. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qhia txog yuav ua li cas magnesium bicarbonate, muaj cov ion HCO3-, reacts.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ntsev thiab alkalis
Yuav ua li cas pauv cov kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim ntawm kev daws ntawm ob cov ntsev tsim los ntawm cov kua qaub sib txawv, piv txwv li, ntawm barium chloride thiab acid magnesium ntsev? Nws mus nrog tsim cov ntsev insoluble - barium carbonate. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no yog hu ua ion exchange reactions. Lawv ib txwm xaus nrog kev tsim cov nag lossis daus, roj, lossis cov khoom sib cais me ntsis, dej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm alkali ntawm sodium hydroxide thiab magnesium bicarbonate ua rau tsim cov ntsev nruab nrab ntawm magnesium carbonate thiab dej. Ib tug feature ntawm thermal decomposition ntawm ammonium carbonates yog hais tias, ntxiv rau cov tsos ntawm acid ntsev, gaseous ammonia raug tso tawm. Cov ntsev ntawm carbonate acid, thaum tshav kub heev, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog amphoteric oxides, xws li zinc lossis aluminium oxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib nrog kev tsim cov ntsev - magnesium aluminates lossis zincates. Oxides tsim los ntawm cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau kuj tseem muaj peev xwm ua rau cov tshuaj magnesium bicarbonate. Cov ntsev tshiab, carbon dioxide thiab dej muaj nyob hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Minerals thoob plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb crust - limestone, chalk, marble, cuam tshuam nrog carbon dioxide yaj hauv dej ntev. Yog li ntawd, acidic ntsev yog tsim - magnesium thiab calcium bicarbonates. Thaum cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig hloov pauv, piv txwv li, thaum kub nce, rov qab tshwm sim tshwm sim. Cov ntsev nruab nrab, crystallizing los ntawm dej nrog siab concentration ntawm bicarbonates, feem ntau tsim icicles los ntawm carbonates - stalactites, nrog rau kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm yees - stalagmites nyob rau hauv limestone qhov tsua.
dej hardness
Dej cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsev uas muaj nyob hauv av, xws li magnesium bicarbonate, cov mis uas yog Mg(HCO3)2. Nws dissolves lawv, thiab nws ua nruj. Qhov ntau impurities, qhov phem tshaj cov khoom yog boiled nyob rau hauv xws li dej, lawv saj thiab zaub mov muaj nqis deteriorate sharply. Cov dej zoo li no tsis haum rau kev ntxuav plaub hau thiab ntxhua khaub ncaws. Cov dej tawv yog qhov txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb rau kev siv hauv chav tsev, txij li calcium thiab magnesium bicarbonates yaj hauv nws precipitate thaum boiling. Nws tsim ib txheej txheej uas tsis ua kom sov zoo. Qhov no yog fraught nrog cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo xws li kev siv roj ntau dhau, nrog rau kev kub siab ntawm boilers, ua rau lawv hnav thiab raug xwm txheej.
Magnesium thiab calcium hardness
Yog tias calcium ions muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj aqueous nrog rau HCO anions 3-, ces lawv ua rau calcium hardness, yog magnesium cations - magnesium. Lawv cov concentration hauv dej yog hu ua tag nrho hardness. Nrog rau lub sijhawm boiling, bicarbonates tig mus rau hauv tsis zoo soluble carbonates, uas precipitate raws li ib tug precipitate. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tag nrho cov hardness ntawm cov dej yog txo los ntawm qhov taw qhia ntawm carbonate los yog ib ntus hardness. Calcium cations tsim carbonates - nruab nrab ntsev, thiab magnesium ions yog ib feem ntawm magnesium hydroxide los yog ntsev - magnesium carbonate hydroxide. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, siab rigidity yog muaj nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv. Piv txwv li, hauv Hiav Txwv Dub, magnesium hardness yog 53.5 mg-eq / l, thiab hauv Pacific.dej hiav txwv - 108 mg-eq/l. Nrog rau limestone, magnesite feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust - ib tug ntxhia muaj carbonate thiab bicarbonate ntawm sodium thiab magnesium.
Txoj kev ua kom dej zoo
Ua ntej siv dej, tag nrho cov hardness ntawm ntau tshaj 7 mg-eq / l, nws yuav tsum tau tso tawm ntawm cov ntsev ntau dhau - softened. Piv txwv li, calcium hydroxide, slaked txiv qaub, tuaj yeem ntxiv rau nws. Yog tias dej qab zib ntxiv rau tib lub sijhawm, koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov tsis tu ncua (tsis yog carbonate) hardness. Cov txheej txheem yooj yim dua kuj tau siv uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau cua sov thiab tiv tauj nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg - alkali Ca(OH) 2. Cov no suav nrog kev siv cov cation exchangers.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cation exchanger
Aluminosilicates thiab hluavtaws ion pauv resins yog cation exchangers. Lawv muaj mobile sodium ions. Hla dej los ntawm cov ntxaij lim dej nrog ib txheej ntawm cov cab kuj nyob - ib qho cation exchanger, sodium particles yuav hloov mus rau hauv calcium thiab magnesium cations. Cov tom kawg yog khi los ntawm cov anions ntawm lub cation exchanger thiab ruaj khov nyob rau hauv nws. Yog tias muaj Ca2+ thiab Mg2+ ions hauv dej, ces nws yuav nyuaj. Txhawm rau rov ua haujlwm ntawm ion exchanger, cov tshuaj tau muab tso rau hauv cov tshuaj sodium chloride, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab tshwm sim - sodium ions hloov cov magnesium thiab calcium cations adsorbed ntawm cation exchanger. Refurbished ion exchanger npaj rau cov dej tawv softening dua.
YElectrolytic dissociation
Ntau qhov nruab nrab thiab cov kua qaub ntsev hauvnyob rau hauv aqueous daws, nws splits rau hauv ions, ua ib tug conductor ntawm ob hom. Ntawd yog, cov khoom no dhau los ntawm electrolytic dissociation thiab nws cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm ua tau hluav taws xob tam sim no. Lub dissociation ntawm magnesium bicarbonate ua rau muaj magnesium cations thiab tsis zoo them complex ions ntawm carbonic acid residue nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Lawv cov kev taw qhia txav mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov electrodes ua rau pom cov hluav taws xob tam sim no.
Hydrolysis
Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsev thiab dej, ua rau pom cov electrolyte tsis muaj zog, yog hydrolysis. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv inorganic xwm, tab sis kuj yog lub hauv paus rau cov metabolism hauv cov proteins, carbohydrates thiab cov rog nyob rau hauv cov kab mob. Bicarbonate ntawm poov tshuaj, magnesium, sodium thiab lwm yam hlau active, tsim los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj zog carbonic acid thiab ib tug muaj zog puag, yog kiag li hydrolyzed nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous tov. Thaum tsis muaj xim phenolphthalein ntxiv rau nws, qhov taw qhia tig crimson. Qhov no qhia txog qhov xwm txheej alkaline ntawm ib puag ncig, vim yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm ntau tshaj ntawm hydroxide ions.
Purple litmus hauv cov kua dej ntawm cov kua qaub ntsev ntawm carbonic acid hloov xiav. Ib qho dhau ntawm hydroxyl hais hauv cov tshuaj no kuj tuaj yeem kuaj pom siv lwm qhov ntsuas - methyl txiv kab ntxwv, uas hloov nws cov xim mus rau daj.
Lub voj voog ntawm ntsev ntawm carbonic acid nyob rau hauv xwm
Lub peev xwm ntawm bicarbonates yaj hauv dej hauv qab lawv qhov kev txav mus tas li hauv cov tsiaj tsis muaj sia thiab muaj sia nyob. Cov dej hauv av, saturated nrog carbon dioxide, seeps los ntawm cov txheej ntawm av, mus rau hauvtsim los ntawm magnesite thiab limestone. Dej nrog bicarbonate thiab magnesium nkag mus rau hauv cov av tov, ces nqa tawm mus rau hauv dej ntws thiab hiav txwv. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, acidic ntsev nkag mus rau cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj thiab mus rau kev tsim kho ntawm lawv cov sab nrauv (plhaub, chitin) lossis cov pob txha sab hauv. Qee zaum, nyob rau hauv lub siab kub ntawm geyser los yog ntsev springs, hydrocarbonates decompose, tso carbon dioxide thiab tig mus rau hauv ntxhia deposits: chalk, limestone, marble.
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, peb tau kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm magnesium bicarbonate thiab nrhiav pom txoj hauv kev ntawm nws qhov tsim.
