Lub tswv yim ntawm "kua hluav taws xob" yog lub hauv paus ruaj khov hauv peb lub siab raws li qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo thiab txaus ntshai. Txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg tseem siv nws rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj. Nws sawv cev li cas tiag? Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob li cas? Nws cuam tshuam li cas rau lub cev muaj sia?
Radiation thiab radioactivity
Lo lus hluav taws xob los ntawm Latin hluav taws xob txhais tias "kua hluav taws xob", "ci", yog li lo lus nws tus kheej yog hais txog cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob ntawm lub zog. Lub zog propagates nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kwj ntawm hais thiab nthwv dej.
Muaj ntau hom hluav taws xob - nws tuaj yeem ua thermal (infrared), lub teeb, ultraviolet, ionizing. Cov tom kawg yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev phom sij, nws kuj suav nrog alpha, beta, gamma, neutron thiab x-rays. Nws yog qhov pom tsis pom cov microscopic uas muaj peev xwm ntawm ionizing teeb meem.
Radiation tsis tshwm sim los ntawm nws tus kheej, nws yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom lossis cov khoom uas muaj qee yam khoom. Lub nuclei ntawm atoms ntawm cov khoom no tsis ruaj khov, thiab thaum lawv lwj, lub zog pib tawg. Muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom rau ionizing(radioactive) hluav taws xob hu ua radioactivity.
Radioactive sources
Tsis pom zoo rau kev xav tias cov hluav taws xob tsuas yog cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear thiab foob pob, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias muaj ob hom: ntuj thiab dag. Thawj yog tam sim no yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Hauv qhov chaw sab nrauv, cov hnub qub, xws li peb lub Hnub, tuaj yeem tawm nws.
Nyob ntiaj teb, dej, av, xuab zeb muaj xov tooj cua, tab sis cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob hauv qhov no tsis siab dhau. Lawv tuaj yeem muaj li ntawm 5 mus rau 25 microroentgens ib teev twg. Lub ntiaj teb nws tus kheej kuj muaj peev xwm ua kom tawg. Nws lub plab muaj ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li thee lossis uranium. Txawm cib kuj muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws.
Cov neeg hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau txais tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua XX. Tus txiv neej tau kawm los cuam tshuam cov nuclei tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom, kom tau txais lub zog, ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tau dhau los ua, piv txwv li, cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear thiab riam phom nuclear, cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov kab mob thiab cov khoom ua kom tsis muaj menyuam.
Yuav ntsuas hluav taws xob li cas?
Radiation yog nrog los ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem, yog li muaj ntau yam kev ntsuas uas qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ionizing ntws thiab nthwv dej. Cov npe ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntsuas qhov twg feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau kawm txog nws. Yog li, muaj becquerels, curies, coulombs thiab x-rays. Rau kev ntsuas lub hom phiaj ntawm hluav taws xob, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raug ntsuas:
| ntsuas qhov ntsuas | Dab tsihluav taws xob ntsuas |
| kev ua haujlwm | Bq (Becquerel), Ci (Curie) |
| zog flux ceev |
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm xov tooj cua ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tsis muaj sia yog ntsuas raws li hauv qab no:
| ntsuas qhov ntsuas | Meaning | Unit of ntsuas |
| absorbed koob tshuaj | ntaus hluav taws xob nqus nqus los ntawm teeb meem | Gy (Grey), zoo siab |
| koob tshuaj tiv thaiv | tus nqi ntawm cov hluav taws xob nqus + qib ntawm ionization ntawm cov teeb meem | R (X-ray), K / kg (Coulomb ib kilogram) |
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob rau cov kab mob muaj sia:
| ntsuas qhov ntsuas | Meaning | Unit of ntsuas |
| koob tshuaj sib npaug | koob tshuaj nqus hluav taws xob sib npaug los ntawm cov coefficient ntawm qib txaus ntshai ntawm hom hluav taws xob | Sv (Sievert), rem |
| effective equivalent koob | Cov koob tshuaj sib npaug rau txhua qhov ntawm lub cev, suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua lub cev | Sv, rem |
| Sib npaug Dose Rate | biological teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob lub sijhawm | Sv/h (Sievert per hour) |
Human impact
Cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tsis zoo hauv lub cev. Cov me me - ions, nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg nyob, tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov khoom ntawm cov molecules. Tau kawg, cov nyhuv ntawm hluav taws xob nyob ntawm qhov koob tshuaj tau txais. Lub ntuj hluav taws xob tom qab tsis muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej, thiab tsis muaj peev xwm tshem tau nws.
Radiation raug rau tib neeg hu ua raug. Nws tuaj yeem yog somatic (lub cev) thiab caj ces. Cov teebmeem ntawm somatic ntawm irradiation manifest lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau yam kab mob: qog, leukemia, thiab lub cev tsis ua hauj lwm. Qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb yog kab mob hluav taws xob sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav.
Txoj kev xeeb tub ntawm cov hluav taws xob tau tshwm sim hauv kev ua txhaum ntawm lub cev ntawm fertilization lossis cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov tiam tom ntej. Kev hloov pauv yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm cov txiaj ntsig caj ces.
Radiation nkag mus rau lub zog
Hmoov tsis zoo, tib neeg twb tau kawm lub zog ntawm hluav taws xob. Cov kev puas tsuaj uas tshwm sim hauv Ukraine thiab Nyiv tau cuam tshuam rau ntau tus neeg lub neej. Ua ntej Chernobyl thiab Fukushima, feem coob ntawm cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb tsis xav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua hluav taws xob thiab hais txog kev ntsuas kev ruaj ntseg yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Ionizing hluav taws xob yog cov kwj ntawm cov khoom lossis quanta, nws muaj ntau hom, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej nkag mus. Qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws yog alpha rays lossis particles. Txawm tias daim tawv nqaij thiab cov khaub ncaws nyias nyias ua qhov cuam tshuam rau lawv. Kev phom sij tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog lub ntsws lossisdigestive ib ntsuj av.
Beta hais yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lawv tau daig los ntawm cov iav nyias, cov ntaub ntawv ntoo. X-ray thiab gamma rays nkag mus rau cov khoom thiab cov ntaub so ntswg zoo dua. Lawv tuaj yeem nres los ntawm ib lub phaj hlau, ib 'meter' tuab, lossis ntau kaum meters ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog. Neutron hluav taws xob tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom, thaum muaj kev tawm tsam nuclear.
Tiv thaiv nws, cov khoom siv uas muaj hydrogen, beryllium, graphite yog siv, dej, polyethylene, paraffin yog siv.
Zoo kawg
Hauv kev nkag siab dav dav, hluav taws xob yog txheej txheem hluav taws xob uas los ntawm qee lub cev. Feem ntau lo lus no yog siv rau kev nkag siab ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob - cov kwj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov khoom thiab cov kab mob. Cov nyhuv ntawm hluav taws xob tuaj yeem sib txawv, txhua yam nyob ntawm qhov koob tshuaj.
Peb ntsib cov hluav taws xob ntuj txhua hnub, vim nws nyob ib puag ncig peb txhua qhov chaw. Nws tus lej feem ntau yog me me. Cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau dua, thiab nws qhov tshwm sim yog qhov hnyav dua.
