Ib lub tsev kawm qub tshaj plaws thiab loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog Moscow State University. Nws kev tsim kho tau pib nyob rau hauv 1755 nyob deb. Txij li thaum xyoo 1940, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau muaj npe tom qab Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Tam sim no lub tsev kawm ntawv suav nrog 15 lub koom haum tshawb fawb, ntau tshaj 40 faculties, 300 departments thiab 6 ceg, tsib ntawm uas nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws CIS.
Nws pib li cas?
Kev tsim kho pib xyoo 1755. Tom qab ntawd ntau tus neeg tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv no. Txoj cai lij choj ntawm Elizaveta Petrovna tau kos npe rau xyoo 1755, yog li kev tsim lub tsev kawm qub tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tsis tau ncua ntev. Qhov project tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Shuvalov. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov kuj tau koom nrog.
Qhov pib ntawm kev qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv tau tshwm sim rau lub Plaub Hlis 26, 1755. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas muaj peb lub tsev kawm ntawv xwb: lub tswv yim, kev cai lij choj thiab tshuaj.
New charter
Tam sim no xyoo 1804, txoj cai tshiab pib ua haujlwm. Tam sim no lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tswj hwm los ntawm Council of Universities, uas suav nrog cov xibfwb coj los ntawm tus rector. Thaum lub sij hawm Imperial Moscow Universitytwb tau txais plaub faculties: kev ncaj ncees thiab nom tswv, kev kho mob thiab kev kho mob, hais lus thiab lub cev thiab lej sciences.
poob
Ib theem tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Moscow State University pib thaum lub sij hawm Patriotic War ntawm 1812. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 18, tau txais ib qho kev txiav txim rau kev khiav tawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis nws tau pom tias muaj ob peb cov nyiaj hauv lub txhab nyiaj, yog li peb yuav tsum tau ua ntej.
Kev tawm tsam tau muab los ntawm Golenishchev-Kutuzov (tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm tsev kawm ntawv) thiab Rostopchin (tus thawj coj hauv Moscow). Lawv tau sim txhua txoj hauv kev kom ua rau kev khiav tawm nyuaj, qhia kom txuag tau cov khoom kim tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig.
Tam sim lub Yim Hli 30, lub tsheb thauj neeg tuaj txog ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas tuaj yeem nqa cov khoom pov thawj muaj txiaj ntsig, phau ntawv, cuab yeej thiab khoom siv. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm raug tso tseg los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej, tab sis tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem pom zoo tias hnub tom ntej, kev ntsuas yuav raug coj mus rau yam tsawg kawg ib nrab tshem tawm cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Tab sis ntau tus kws tshaj lij kuj tau pab cawm txhua yam uas tau txais dhau 60 xyoo ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob. Qee tus txawm tso lawv cov khoom ntiag tug los pauv rau cov khoom pov thawj hauv tsev kawm ntawv tseem ceeb thiab taug kev mus rau Nizhny Novgorod ntawm ko taw. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 18, nws nyob hauv lub nroog no uas Moscow University tau txais lub tsev.
Hnub hmo lub Cuaj Hlis 4-5, lub tsev tseem ceeb ntawm tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Mokhovaya tau hlawv, ua raws li tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv uas nyob ib sab. Tom qab 5 hnub, lwm lub tsev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tau raug puas ntsoog, qhov kev tawg tau npaj los ntawm Napoleon, uas nyob hauv Kremlin.
Restoring activation
Tam sim no hauv Nizhny Novgorod, Kuv yuav tsum xav txog txoj hmoo yav tom ntej ntawm Moscow State University. Kev tsim kho tau kim pib, yog li qhov kev xaiv tau txiav txim siab hloov lub tsev kawm ntawv mus rau Simbirsk lossis Kazan. Tab sis thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis, kev tawm tsam ntawm Fabkis pib, yog li tus kws kho mob tau hais kom rov qab mus rau Moscow.
Pib txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30, 1812, kev txhim kho lub tsev kawm ntawv tau pib. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nrhiav cov tsev rau kev nyob ib ntus. Cov tsev nyob ze Mokhovaya raug xaiv.
Tam 5 lub hlis tom qab, tag nrho cov kws tshaj lij raug tshem tawm rov qab los ntawm Nizhny Novgorod, nrog rau cov khoom khaws cia. Yog li ntawd, ib xyoos tom qab kev khiav tawm, cov chav kawm rov pib dua. Nyob rau hauv 1819, lub reconstruction ntawm lub tsev ntawm Mokhovaya tiav.
Lub tsev loj
History mus li qub. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm txoj cai tuaj tawm thaum lub sij hawm lub hav zoov ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis tsis muaj kev hloov pauv. Ib qho ntawm cov theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tsim kho lub tsev loj ntawm Moscow State University.
Tam sim no nws yog lub hauv paus tsev ntawm txoj kev ntawm Sparrow Hills. Nws suav hais tias yog qhov siab tshaj ntawm xya Stalin skyscrapers. Tag nrho qhov siab nrog lub spire ncav cuag 240 meters, thiab tsis muaj - 183 meters.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov plag tsev hauv Moscow State University tseem tsis paub meej. Raws li qee qhov chaw, muaj 32 ntawm lawv, tab sis muaj kev xav tias 4 qhov raug kaw ntxiv tuaj yeem ntxiv rau lawv. Kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev no tau pib xyoo 1949. Muaj coob tus paub zoo architects thiab engineers tau koom nrog nws. Tsis tas li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb pab tau los ntawm kev cob qhia ntawm Vera Mukhina, uas ua haujlwmsaum daim duab puab. Tau ntau tshaj 40 xyoo, lub tsev no tau ua lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe.
Architecture
Nws tsim nyog hais tam sim ntawd tias Moscow State University tau tsim nyob rau hauv Stalinist Empire. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd nws yog ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab thiab nrov destinations nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Stalin lub skyscrapers nyob rau hauv Moscow tseem suav hais tias yog lub cim ntawm Stalinist Empire. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tsim no yog cov rooj tog ntoo loj heev, stucco thiab qab nthab siab heev. Sab hauv feem ntau siv cov txee dai khaub ncaws, bronze teeb thiab figurines.
Tab sis Stalin lub teb chaws Ottoman style tsis kav ntev. Qhov kev zam zam no tau hla dhau 10 xyoo tom qab nws tshwm sim los ntawm kev txiav txim siab xyoo 1955, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tshem tawm ntau dhau ntawm kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho.
Tsim
Lub xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Moscow State University - 1949-1953, tab sis tus tsim tau pib ob xyoos ua ntej, uas yog ib tug decree uas tau txais los ntawm lub Council of Ministers ntawm lub USSR. Joseph Stalin tau npaj ib lub tswv yim los tsim yim skyscrapers nyob rau hauv Moscow. Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks muab txoj haujlwm rau Georgy Popov.
Raws li txoj kev npaj, ntawm Sparrow Hills yuav tsum tau txhim tsa lub tsev ntawm 32 pem teb, uas yuav muaj tsev so thiab tsev nyob. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tsev yuav tsum tsis txhob sawv tawm ntawm Stalinist reconstruction ntawm Moscow. Nws tau npaj tias nws yuav qhia txog kev txhim kho lub peev.
Twb tau rau lub hlis tom qab, nws tau txiav txim siab tso Moscow University hauv lub tsev tsim. Qhov no tshwm sim tom qab Stalin lub rooj sib tham nrog tus rector Nesmeyanov. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tiasTau ntev, tus kws tshaj lij tau thov cov tub ceev xwm rau lub tsev tshiab rau cov tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis nws yuav tsis xav tias nws yuav yog lub tsev uas tag nrho lub tsev kawm ntawv tuaj yeem txav mus.
Planning
Stalin tsis xav ob zaug pom zoo rau kev tsim kho tam sim no lub tsev loj ntawm Moscow State University. Twb yog thaum pib ntawm 1948, ib txoj kev npaj tau pom zoo, uas hu ua kev tsim kho thaum xyoo 1948 txog 1952. Lub Politburo txiav txim siab los tsim ib lub tsev nrog qhov siab tsawg kawg yog 20 plag tsev, thiab nws qhov ntim yuav tsum yog 1,700 txhiab m³.
Txij li nws tau txiav txim siab tias lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev, tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia thiab pab pawg neeg tuaj saib, chav kuaj kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau cov tsev tshwj xeeb tau suav nrog tam sim ntawd hauv txoj kev npaj. Kev txiav txim siab kuj tau txiav txim siab txog thaj chaw nyob uas cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav tuaj yeem nyob.
thawj qhov project
Kev tsim kho ntawm Moscow State University tau tso siab rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets. Nyob rau ntawm txoj kev loj Vorobyevsky, lawv pom ib daim phiaj nrog thaj tsam ntawm 100 hectares. Nws yog nws uas tau muab faib rau kev tsim kho cov qauv. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim kho lub tsev nws tus kheej, cov phiaj xwm suav nrog kev tsim lub vaj botanical thiab hav zoov ua si. Rau daim phiaj xwm txheej txheem, kev tswj hwm tau muab 4 lub hlis, thiab rau cov txuj ci - 10.
Boris Iofan raug ntiav los pab tsim lub skyscraper. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tus kws tsim vaj tsev twb muaj ntau yam haujlwm, ntawm cov tsev tseem ceeb hauv xeev. Nws yog Iofan uas tau nthuav tawm lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yav tom ntej.
Nws tsim cov vaj tsev, muaj tsib yam. Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov siab-nce hauv nruab nrab, ib sab ntawmuas tsev plaub symmetrically nyob qis blocks. Lawv yuav tsum tau topped nrog pinnacles.
Boris Iofan kuj tau hais kom tso rau ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub pedestal, feem ntau yuav nyob rau hauv cov duab puab. Ib txhia ntseeg hais tias tus kws kes duab vajtse npaj rau nruab ib tug duab puab ntawm Mikhail Lomonosov nyob rau ntawd. Tab sis, feem ntau yuav, lub tswv yim no raug tsis lees paub thiab, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Stalin, lub spire nrog tsib lub hnub qub tau tshwm sim rau saum.
Hloov pauv kev coj noj coj ua
Boris Iofan muaj nws tus kheej lub tswv yim hais txog kev tsim lub tsev. Nws tsis quav ntsej qee qhov kev thov. Piv txwv li, nws raug hais kom txav lub tsev mus rau qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm Moscow River, tab sis tus kws kes duab vajtse suav tias qhov kev txiav txim no yog ib qho kev poob loj rau kev kos duab ntawm lub peev. Iofan lub tswv yim yog qhov txaus ntshai los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub hauv paus.
Yog vim li cas, tsuas yog ob peb hnub ua ntej kev nthuav qhia ntawm daim duab ua tiav, nws raug tshem tawm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Moscow State University high-rise thiab tag nrho cov complex. Stalin thiab Chadayev txiav txim siab hloov tus qauv tsim mus rau ib pab pawg kws tshaj lij Rudnev, uas kuj suav nrog cov kws kos duab Sergei Chernyshev, Pavel Ambrosimov, Alexander Khryakov thiab engineer Vsevolod Nasonov.
Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev teem caij ntawm pawg tsev tsim vaj tsev tshiab kuj suav nrog cov kev cai uas yuav tsum tau txav mus rau 700 meters ntawm txoj kev loj mus rau thaj tsam South-West.
Lev Rudnev tsis muaj ntau txoj haujlwm ua ntej, tab sis hauv nws txoj kev kawm nws tau tsim qhov project "University of a large city". Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv nws, nws hais txog ib co nta ntawm xws li ib tug qauv, uas nyuam qhuav tom qab siv nyob rau hauvKev tsim kho ntawm Moscow State University.
Engineer Vsevolod Nasonov kuj muaj ntau yam kev paub. Nyob rau hauv 1947 nws yog tus thawj engineer ntawm lub tshiab lub tsev ntawm Moscow State University. Nws kuj muaj tes los tsim cov qauv hlau ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets.
Nikolai Nikitin, tus tsim ntawm Ostankino TV ntauwd, kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus thiab thav duab ntawm lub tsev tseem ceeb, thiab hauv cov txheej txheem tau thov cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab, uas tom qab ntawd tau ua pov thawj tias lub sijhawm thiab huab cua sim rau kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ntseeg tau.
pib tsim
Lub tsev tsim vaj tsev ntawm Moscow State University tau pib tsim nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1948. Nws yog lub sij hawm no uas earthworks pib. Ib hlis tom qab, tag nrho cov sketch thiab technical project tau pom zoo. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis, ua hauj lwm nrog cov av thiab lub hauv paus pit tau tiav.
Thawj pob zeb tau muab tso rau lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1949. Yog li pib ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus, uas xaus rau lub Cuaj Hli. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo, cov neeg tsim khoom nthuav tawm lub thav duab ntawm lub tsev loj nrog 10 plag tsev. Peb txiav txim siab tsis txhob nkim sij hawm thiab kev thauj mus los. Ua ke nrog kev tsim kho lub tsev, lub koom haum ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Ochakovo chaw nres tsheb pib.
Reflections ntawm duab puab
Rudnev kuj nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm pib xav txog kev txhim kho ib tug cais monument nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus tsev ntawm lub high-sawv vaj tse ntawm Moscow State University. Tam sim no nws tsis paub meej, tab sis muaj kev xav tias nws tuaj yeem yog tus pej thuam ntawm Stalin, Lenin lossis Lomonosov. Nws tau npaj tias nws qhov siab yuav yog 40 meters. Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov kev sib tham, tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse qhia ib tug xav rau nruab ib tug duab puab ntawm Lenin,los qhia qhov kev ntshaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb mus rau qhov siab ntawm kev paub.
Tab sis raws li peb twb paub lawm, lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho cov duab puab tsuas yog lo lus xwb. Nws nyuaj rau hais tias nws tau txuas nrog dab tsi, tab sis ntau tus hais tias nws tau txiav txim siab los qhia qhov pom kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub skyscraper nrog kev pab los ntawm ib qho spire.
Spire
Qhov no yog qhov peb txiav txim siab ua kom tiav lub tsev loj ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Lub spire ntawm Moscow State University yog 57 meters siab, thiab nyob rau sab saum toj muaj tsib-taw lub hnub qub, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, fluctuates vim cua.
Kev txhim kho ntawm ntu no nyuaj heev. Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog vim qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv - 120 tons. Nws tau sau nrog tus kheej-nce crane UBK-15. Tab sis txawm tias nws tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog qee yam ntawm cov qauv, yog li cov hnyav tshaj plaws tau xa los ntawm ib ntus hauv lub tsev.
Qhib
Lub tsev ntawm Moscow State University ntawm Sparrow Hills tus kheej tau mus xyuas los ntawm Stalin thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1951. Nws taug kev nyob ib ncig ntawm thaj chaw, qhov chaw nws tshawb xyuas lub koom haum ntawm txoj kev thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse. Lavrenty Beria yog tus saib xyuas kev tsim kho nws tus kheej. Lub skyscraper tau tsim ua tsaug rau qee qhov chaw nuclear, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau txhiab tus neeg raug kaw.
Kev qhib loj tau tshwm sim rau lub Cuaj Hlis 1, 1953. Txiav cov ribbon ntawm qhov nkag tau tso cai rau Minister of Culture Panteleimon Ponomarenko. Thawj chav kawm hauv lub tsev tshiab pib thaum 12 tav su.
Qee cov xov xwm tau suav nyiaj, yog li ntau dua 2.5 billion Soviet rubles tau xav tias siv rau kev tsim kho.
Ntse
Lub tsev ntawm Moscow State University onSparrow Hills muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Qhov no architectural pawg sib haum xeeb haum rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm tus dej loj ntawm Moscow. Lub chaw, raws li lub hauv paus npaj, yog lub tsev loj. Saum lub ntsiab nkag flaunts hnub ntawm kev tsim kho. Qhov no ib feem ntawm pawg yog suav hais tias yog lub siab tshaj Stalinist skyscraper. Nws suav hais tias yog symmetrical kiag li. 18-zaj dab neeg "tis" tawm ntawm lub hauv paus pej thuam. Cov qauv no tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov moos loj, ntsuas kub thiab ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas. Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv 2014 lub Moscow State University moos yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe.
"Tes" ntawm lub tsev loj muaj ntau lub tsev me me - 12 pem teb. Cais los ntawm lub tsev loj muaj cov tsev rau physics thiab chemistry faculties. Txoj kev mus rau lub hauv paus nkag ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog alleys thiab kwj deg. Thiab tag nrho pawg ua ke suav nrog 27 lub ntsiab thiab 10 lub tsev pabcuam.
Yav Tom Ntej
Tseem muaj yav tom ntej rau Moscow State University hauv kev npaj nroog Moscow. Nyob rau hauv 2016, ib tug loj renovation tau tshaj tawm. Namely, nws yog hais txog qhov chaw ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov tsev mus rau kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Ud altsova thiab Ramenka txoj kev. Kev kho dua tshiab yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv ob theem.
Ib qho ntawm qhov chaw yuav raug xa mus rau kev tsim kho tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tsev nyob, tsib lub tsev kawm qib kindergarten thiab ob lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho chaw lag luam thiab thaj chaw nyob, chaw kho mob ntawm Moscow State University thiab polyclinics yuav tsum tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw.
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Npaj Hauv Nroog tau tshaj tawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev so rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv, tsev kawm ntawv nce qib, thiab lwm yam khoom siv kab lis kev cai ntawm thaj chaw Moscow State University.
Ntxim qab kawgfacts
Moscow State University nyob qhov twg, tej zaum cov neeg uas tsis txawm nyob hauv Moscow paub. Nws qhov chaw nyob raws li txoj cai yog Leninskiye Gory, 1. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tseem muaj ntau lub platform saib. Rudnev muab kev pom los ntawm lawv kom zoo li qhov ua tau, uas yog vim li cas qhov chaw no hu ua "crown of Moscow". Lub platform tseem ceeb muaj qhov pom ntawm Luzhniki Arena thiab lub nroog panorama.
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, lub tsev tau ntev tau suav tias yog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, kom txog rau thaum Fair Tower tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Moscow, Moscow State University yog siab tshaj mus txog rau 2003. Tom qab ntawd lub tsev nyob Triumph Palace tau tshwm sim hauv nroog.
40,000 tons ntawm cov hlau tau siv los tsim cov hlau, thiab 175 lab cib tau siv rau phab ntsa.
Ib lub nroog tag nrho nyob hauv ib lub skyscraper ntawm Moscow State University. Peb lub tsev kawm ntawv, kev tswj hwm thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv tshawb fawb tau nyob ntawm no ib zaug. Koj tuaj yeem mus saib Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Av Cov Tswv Cuab thiab Palace of Culture.
Muaj ntau cov duab puab thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis kuj muaj ib qho chaw rau ib tug monument rau Mikhail Lomonosov. Nws nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv loj.
