Radioactive lossis ionizing hluav taws xob cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob nyob. Tib neeg raug hluav taws xob tas li nyob rau hauv me me uas tsis ua rau mob hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj zog ua rau muaj mob hnyav thiab muaj kev hem thawj rau lub neej. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm cov coefficients tau tsim los ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob.
xov tooj cua yog dab tsi?
Ionizing hluav taws xob yog lub zog tsim los ntawm atoms ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qhov chaw hluav taws xob yog:
- natural origin - radioactive decay, cosmic rays, thermonuclear reactions;
- man-made - nuclear reactor, nuclear roj, atomic foob pob, khoom siv kho mob (x-ray tshuab).
hom xov tooj cua
Muaj peb hom xov tooj cua los ntawm keeb kwm:
- natural - inherent in heavy radioactive elements;
- artificial - txhob txwm tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej nrog kev pab cuam ntawm kev lwj thiabfusion ntawm atomic nuclei;
- induced - pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom uas tau raug hnyav irradiated thiab lawv tus kheej dhau los ua hluav taws xob.
hom hluav taws xob
Muaj peb hom hluav taws xob ionizing: alpha rays, beta rays thiab gamma rays.
Alpha hluav taws xob muaj lub zog nkag mus qis. Cov kab teeb yog cov kwj ntawm helium nuclei. Yuav luag txhua qhov thaiv tuaj yeem tiv thaiv alpha rays: khaub ncaws, tawv nqaij, ib daim ntawv. Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom tau txais koob tshuaj txaus ntshai ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv qhov no, yog tias koj ua raws li kev ceev faj.
Beta hluav taws xob yog qhov txaus ntshai rau lub cev. Nws muaj ib tug kwj ntawm electrons. Nws lub zog nkag mus yog ntau dua li ntawm alpha rays. Cov hluav taws xob ntws tawm ntawm kev kub ceev, yog li cov hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm dhau los ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab tawv nqaij, nkag mus rau lub cev thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab haus huv.
Gamma hluav taws xob yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog electromagnetic hluav taws xob nrog ib tug luv luv wavelength. Cov rays zoo li no muaj lub zog nkag mus tob heev thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev muaj sia. Yog tias qhov nqus tau ntawm cov hluav taws xob zoo li no dhau qhov kev tso cai, nws tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav thiab tuag taus.
Yuav ntsuas qhov raug li cas?
Xaiv theem ntawm hluav taws xob, lub tswv yim ntawm "dab nqus" (D) yog siv. Qhov no yog qhov piv ntawm lub zog nqus hluav taws xob (E) rau qhov loj ntawm cov khoom irradiated (m). Tus nqi no tau nthuav tawm ob txoj hauv kev:
- in greys (Gy) - ib grey yog sib npaug rau cov koob tshuaj uasib kilogram ntawm cov teeb meem account rau lub zog ntawm 1 J;
- hauv roentgens (R) - siv rau x-rays thiab gamma rays thiab sib npaug kwv yees li 0.01 Gy.
koob tshuaj 100 R ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv. Qhov koob tshuaj tuag yog 500 R.
Qib ntawm hluav taws xob ntsuas nrog qhov tshwj xeeb dosimeter.
Sib npaug koob tshuaj nqus hluav taws xob
Tus nqi no yog siv los ntsuas qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev. Nws tseem hu ua cov tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov koob tshuaj sib npaug yog qhia los ntawm tsab ntawv H thiab suav los ntawm tus qauv: H=D x k.
K - yam zoo. Tus nqi no piav qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam rau lub cev ntawm ib hom hluav taws xob ionizing (X-ray thiab gamma hluav taws xob).
Chav ntsuas hluav taws xob sib npaug yog hu ua sievert (Sv). Lub npe tau muab rau hauv kev hwm ntawm radiophysicist Rolf Sievert, uas tau kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob rau cov kab mob nyob. Cov units ntawm millisievert (mSv) thiab microsievert (µSv) kuj tau siv.
Ib lub tswv yim tseem ceeb yog qhov sib npaug ntawm H.
koob tshuaj twg zoo rau lub cev? Nws tau raug tsim tsa tias qhov kev tso cai sib npaug ntawm H, nyob rau hauv uas cov txheej txheem pathological hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab hlwb tsis tshwm sim, yog 0.5 Sv. Ib koob txhaj yog 6-7 Sv.
Ib tug neeg hauv nws lub neej tau txais microdoses ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab khoom tsim. Qhov nruab nrab, cov koob tshuaj txhua xyoo ntawm kev nqus hluav taws xob yog 2mSv.
Kev phom sij ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob
Yuav ua li cas rau lub cev thaum irradiated? Lub ntsiab txaus ntshai ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog tias nws cov nyhuv mus yuav luag tsis pom. Ionizing rays tsis ua rau mob, tsis pom kev pom thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm lwm yam kev xav. Yog li ntawd, ib tug neeg yuav tsis paub tias lawv raug hluav taws xob txaus ntshai txog thaum nws lig dhau lawm.
Txawm tias qhov kis me me yog qhov txaus ntshai rau cov kab mob muaj sia. Radiation ionizes cov atoms thiab molecules nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm lub cev. Cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlwb hloov pauv, thiab qhov no ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Lawv kev ua haujlwm raug cuam tshuam.
Cov hluav taws xob feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov cell faib sai. Lub circulatory system thiab pob txha pob txha pib raug kev txom nyem ua ntej, ces lub digestive system thiab lwm yam kabmob.
Tsis tas li, hluav taws xob muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov noob hauv cov chromosomes, ua rau muaj kab mob loj heev los yog kev ua me nyuam tsis ua haujlwm. Cov kab mob uas tshwm sim ntau tshaj plaws yog qhov hu ua mob hluav taws xob.
Ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib npaug, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho twb nyob hauv thawj feeb thiab teev tom qab kis tau. Kev mob hluav taws xob mob hnyav yog nrog los ntawm cov tsos mob xws li xeev siab, ntuav, ua npaws, thiab ntshav.
Ntau tus kab mob no tau los. Ntau tus xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Hiroshima, Nagasaki thiab Chernobyl kev huam yuaj tseem hnov qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev mob hluav taws xob.
txiaj ntsig ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob
Radioactive hluav taws xobua ntau tshaj qhov ua phem xwb. Raws li qee qhov xwm txheej, koj tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm nws, uas yog siv ntau yam kev lag luam.
me me ntawm hluav taws xob yog siv los kho mob qog noj ntshav. Cells nyob rau hauv cov qog malignant raug rhuav tshem los ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob, yog li kev kho hluav taws xob yog siv rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav. Tsis tas li hauv cov tshuaj, kev npaj tshwj xeeb tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau siv. Ionizing rays pab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam ntawm cov cuab yeej kho mob.
Kev siv cov tshuab xoo hluav taws xob tsis muaj nuj nqis hauv kev kuaj mob thiab txiav txim siab qhov kev puas tsuaj.
Ionizing hluav taws xob yog siv los ua cov pa luam yeeb, tshuaj ntsuam lub nra ntawm tshav dav hlau thiab ua kom huab cua ionize.
Radiation kuj siv hauv kev lag luam xws li metallurgy, kev lag luam teeb, kev lag luam khoom noj, kev tsim kho, kev ua liaj ua teb.
tiv thaiv hluav taws xob
Thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ionizing, yuav tsum tau ceev faj kom tiv thaiv lub cev tsis zoo.
Ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig los tiv thaiv koj tus kheej ntawm hluav taws xob yog txav deb ntawm qhov chaw hluav taws xob. Ua ntej, cov hluav taws xob tau nqus los ntawm huab cua, thiab qhov thib ob, thaum tsiv tawm ntawm qhov chaw, qhov hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob txo qis rau qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov kev ncua deb.
Yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw, yuav tsum siv lwm txoj kev tiv thaiv. Cov khaub ncaws ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb yuav dhau los ua qhov cuam tshuam rauTxoj kab hluav taws xob.
Cov khoom uas nqus hluav taws xob zoo yog cov hlau lead thiab graphite.
summ up, peb tuaj yeem sau cov hauv qab no
- xov tooj cua hluav taws xob muaj peb hom: alpha, beta thiab gamma rays;
- tawg lub zog hloov pauv hauv Greys thiab Roentgens;
- Cov koob tshuaj sib npaug yog Sievert.
Radiation ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub cev, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov koob tshuaj thiab thaum siv kom raug, nws tuaj yeem pab tau rau noob neej.
