Daim duab qhia qhov project yog ib daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo ntawm lub dav hlau. Tab sis vim li cas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov teb chaws txawv me ntsis ntawm cov duab sib txawv? Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no, nrog rau ntau lwm tus hais txog daim ntawv qhia kev kwv yees, lawv hom thiab cov khoom, yog nthuav tawm hauv kab lus hauv qab no
Science 2024, Plaub Hlis Ntuj
Sau cov lus tawm tswv yim ntawm qhov kev paub daws teeb meem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev npaj rau kev tiv thaiv thesis. Cov kab lus hauv qab no muaj cov kev cai tseem ceeb thiab cov lus pom zoo uas yuav tsum tau ua kom thiaj li sau lossis tau txais qhov kev tshuaj xyuas zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev hais tawm lus tsis txaus ntseeg
Tib neeg lub cev yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv kho mob lawv mob siab rau ntau lub sijhawm rau kev kawm ntawm lub cev. Cov qauv ntawm kev mloog lus yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyuaj tshaj plaws. Yog li ntawd, qee cov tub ntxhais kawm poob thaum lawv hnov lo lus nug "Dab tsi yog qhov tympanic kab noj hniav?" ntawm qhov kev xeem. Nws yuav nthuav kom kawm txog qhov no rau cov neeg uas tsis muaj kev kawm kho mob. Cia peb tshawb txog lub ntsiab lus tom qab hauv kab lus
Lub hli Ganymede yog qhov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Jupiter's suite. Ib tug roj loj heev ntawm cov ntiaj chaw, nws sawv tawm ntawm lub hli ntawm lub hnub ci system loj. Hais txog txoj kab uas hla, Ganymede tseem ua ntej Mercury thiab Pluto. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog vim nws qhov loj me, lub satellite ntawm Jupiter attracts lub qhov muag ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb
Carl Sagan yog ib tug neeg zoo ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws sawv ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb qib siab xws li astrophysics, exobiology, interstellar kev sib txuas lus
David Hilbert yog ib tug paub zoo txog lej lej thiab tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov chav kawm siab tshaj plaws, yeej tsis nkees, tsis tu ncua ntawm nws qhov kev xav, kev txhawb siab thiab siab dav - ib qho ntawm nws lub sijhawm zoo. Nws lub hwj chim muaj tswv yim, thawj qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav, kev pom zoo thiab ntau yam ntawm kev txaus siab ua rau David ua tus pioneer hauv feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag
Txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo rhuav tshem lub tswv yim zoo tib yam ntawm lub neej, thiab kev cuam tshuam kev sib raug zoo yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg
Tib neeg ib txwm ua npau suav ntawm ya. Lawv pom cov noog thiab tsim ntau yam tis tsim rau kev ya davhlau. Tab sis thawj lub dav hlau uas nqa ib tug txiv neej mus rau saum huab cua yog tsis muaj tis
Ib qho ntawm thawj txoj cai uas cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm hauv tsev kawm theem qis yog txuam nrog tsab ntawv "mos kos npe". Hauv cov lus, nws ua ntau yam haujlwm. Thawj thiab lub ntsiab yog qhia cov lus softened
Txoj sia Extraterrestrial ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Feem ntau cov tib neeg zoo tib yam xav txog lub neej ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Txog niaj hnub no, muaj ntau qhov tseeb tau pom uas lees paub tias tseem muaj sia nyob sab nraum lub ntiaj teb. Puas muaj neeg txawv teb chaws? Qhov no, thiab ntau ntxiv, koj tuaj yeem pom hauv peb tsab xov xwm
Qhov kev tsim ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog qhov hloov pauv hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. Qee qhov ntawm qhov tig ntawm 17th-18th centuries, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, cov log dej thiab cov cua tshuab tau pib hloov nrog cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab tshwj xeeb - lub tshuab hluav taws xob
Peb feem ntau hnov lo lus kho mob "antiseptics". Muaj ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev muag tshuaj, thiab lawv yog tsim nyog. Tab sis yog dab tsi? Vim li cas lawv thiaj thov? Lawv ua dab tsi?
Nyob hauv qhov chaw loj heev muaj cov hnub qub loj heev. Lub hnub qub thiab lub hnub qub sib txawv heev, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li ob yam khoom zoo ib yam. Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov peb pom hauv lub hnub qub, nws tsim nyog kawm me ntsis txog kev faib cov hnub qub
Kiel yog ib lub hnub qub uas nyob ib sab ntawm sab qab teb hemisphere ntawm lub ntuj nrog thaj tsam ntawm 494.2 square degrees. Tag nrho cov visibility coordinates yog sab qab teb ntawm 15 ° sab qaum teb latitude, uas yog vim li cas lub constellation tsis tuaj yeem ntes tau los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia. Lub npe Latin rau pawg hnub qub no yog Carinae (lub npe hu ua Lub Tsheb), uas txhais tau tias yog keel ntawm lub nkoj
Shield yog ib lub hnub qub me me nyob rau sab qab teb hemisphere, nyob ze ntawm lub hnub qub kab nruab nrab thiab pom ntawm latitudes ntawm +80 txog -94 degrees. Nws yog pom zoo los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia. Lub cheeb tsam nyob ntawm lub Shield tsuas yog 109.1 square degrees (0.26% ntawm lub ntuj hmo ntuj), uas sib haum mus rau 84th txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv loj ntawm 88 officially paub constellations
Yog koj saib ze ntawm lub ntuj tsaus, nws yooj yim kom pom tias cov hnub qub saib peb txawv xim. Bluish, dawb, liab, lawv ci sib npaug los yog flicker zoo li Christmas tsob ntoo garland. Los ntawm lub koob yees duab, cov xim sib txawv tau pom meej dua
Neoteny feem ntau yog thawj zaug kawm hauv chav kawm biology, kawm cov chav Amphibians. Neotenye yog ib qho kev loj hlob qeeb hauv ntau hom uas muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib deev kev sib deev tshwm sim ua ntej neeg laus. Feem ntau neoteny yog suav tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm amphibians, worms lossis arthropods. Tab sis ib tug xov tooj ntawm anthropologists cam hais tias txiv neej kuj yog ib yam khoom ntawm neoteny
Lub phylogeny thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob tau hloov pauv thiab hloov kho los ntawm microbiology txij li xyoo pua kaum cuaj mus rau niaj hnub no. Cov nceb uas loj hlob tag nrho lawv lub neej, zoo li cov nroj tsuag, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nkag mus thiab noj lwm yam kab mob - qhov no puas ua tau? Yog lawm, niaj hnub kev tshawb fawb ntawm ultrastructure ntawm lub cell, nws biochemistry thiab physiological yam ntxwv tso cai rau peb mus xaus hais tias cov fungi muaj ib tug nruab nrab txoj hauj lwm, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag
Intermediate filaments: kev piav qhia dav dav, qhov chaw, hom thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv. Cov qauv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov proteins uas lawv tau tsim. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm nruab nrab filaments thiab lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qee yam kab mob
Milankovitch cycles: lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev xav, kev cuam tshuam ntawm peculiarities ntawm lub ntiaj teb txoj kev txav hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev nyab xeeb. Basic astronomical yam. Cov hnub nyoog dej khov thiab lub ntiaj teb sov sov hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Disadvantages thiab contradictions nyob rau hauv lub Milankovitch txoj kev xav
Dab tsi yog biodiversity? Yuav ua li cas cov kauj ruam los khaws cia nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, suav nrog Russia? Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txuag biodiversity hauv zej zog. Vim li cas nws txoj kev khaws cia tseem ceeb heev hauv kev txhim kho thiab kev txuag ntawm noob neej thiab tib neeg kev vam meej?
Qhov kev tshawb pom loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st. Cov kev tshawb pom dab tsi tau ua txij li xyoo 2000? Kev tshawb pom hauv physics, lej, biology. Kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb hauv Russia. Tsim cov supercomputers, kev txiav txim siab ntawm tib neeg genome, kev ua tiav hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis
Kev txav ntawm lub hnub ci hauv Galaxy, lub hnub nrawm, kev taw qhia. Yuav ua li cas cov ntiaj chaw txav hauv lub ntiaj teb. Yuav ua li cas lub Galaxy txav, nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi ceev. Yuav ua li cas cov khoom txav hauv Galaxy, qhov twg lawv txav mus los. Puas yog lub galaxy nthuav dav lossis shrinking?
Cov ntawv luv luv ntawm Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter txoj kev xav ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Dab tsi, raws li Schumpeter, cuam tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam, yam dab tsi ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam. Keeb kwm substantiation ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev lag luam kev loj hlob. Yuav ua li cas tos lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis kam ntawm economic kev loj hlob. Cov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev siv tswv yim ntawm Schumpeter txoj kev xav
Nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm generative propagation ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nws yog cov txheej txheem no uas yog txoj kev vam meej tshaj plaws los tsim lawv tus kheej zoo, muab ntau yam khoom siv rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv thiab yoog raws
Txhua yam tshuaj muaj peev xwm muab faib ua cov hlau tsis yog hlau thiab hlau. Koj puas paub lawv txawv li cas? Yuav ua li cas los txiav txim lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub rooj ntawm cov tshuaj? Koj yuav pom cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no thiab lwm yam hauv peb tsab xov xwm
Natural geometric qauv lossis cov qauv tshwm sim ua cov duab rov qab uas qee zaum piav lossis sawv cev los ntawm cov qauv lej. Geometry nyob rau hauv xwm thiab lub neej tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom thiab hom, piv txwv li, symmetry, spirals los yog tsis
Cov dej haus hnyav tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv tab sis tuaj yeem tsim teeb meem loj hauv cov chaw lag luam uas nws cov tawv tawv tswj tau hauv cov boilers, txias yees thiab lwm yam khoom siv tswj dej. Tab sis dab tsi yog dej hardness? Thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj paub nws?
Koj puas paub tias kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, tsis zoo li kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, yog tsav los ntawm ib puag ncig ib puag ncig? Qhov twg ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no tseem ceeb dua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob? Koj yuav pom cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no thiab ntau lwm cov lus nug hauv peb tsab xov xwm
Enzymes yog biocatalysts uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov metabolism thiab cov tshuaj biochemical. Lawv muaj kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb thiab siv los ua cov organic catalysts hauv ntau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam. Kab lus no muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm microbial enzymes thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm
Astronauts pw hauv qhov chaw li cas? Puas yog lawv siv lawv "hmo ntuj" so hauv lub davhlau dawb nyob ib puag ncig ISS, lossis lawv puas tau ceev lawv qhov chaw pw thiab lawv tus kheej rau ib yam dab tsi? Puas yog cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov hnyav hnyav pab lossis cuam tshuam rau lawv? Yuav ua li cas cov neeg taug kev pw tsaug zog ntawm ISS, cov duab ntawm cov chaw pw tsaug zog, nrog rau cov sijhawm ua haujlwm tuaj yeem pom hauv qab no
Kev tshawb fawb txog qhov tshwm sim yog kev txhim kho niaj hnub. Kev twv txiaj qhia tau hais tias tau muaj kev txaus siab rau kev txheeb xyuas cov tswv yim ntawm qhov tshwm sim rau ntau txhiab xyoo, tab sis cov lus piav qhia meej ntawm kev siv hauv cov teeb meem no tuaj ntau tom qab
Igor Smirnov yog tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias nto moo, kws kho mob kev tshawb fawb. Active Academician ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Natural Sciences. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws paub tias yog ib tus tsim ntawm computer psychotechnologies. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union thiab nyob rau hauv lub US. Nyob rau hauv tsev, nws tau coj lub koom haum ntawm Computer Psychotechnologies, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Moscow Medical Academy
Ib lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm theoretical physics niaj hnub no yog nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm seb puas muaj qhov ntev dua. Puas yog qhov chaw tiag tiag tsuas yog qhov ntev, qhov dav thiab qhov siab, lossis nws tsuas yog qhov txwv ntawm tib neeg kev nkag siab xwb? Rau ntau txhiab xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom zoo tsis lees paub lub tswv yim ntawm lub neej ntawm ntau qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau hloov pauv ntau, thiab niaj hnub no kev tshawb fawb tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov ntev dua
Ib qho kev sim piav qhia dab tsi nthwv dej-particle dual yog tseem nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sib cav quantum physics. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm nthwv dej-particle dual yog tias tus cwj pwm ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab teeb meem tuaj yeem piav qhia siv qhov sib npaug sib txawv uas sawv cev rau yoj ua haujlwm, feem ntau yog Schrödinger kab zauv
Lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm yog ib qho tsis paub tseeb hauv kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Ua ntej lub Big Bang 13.7 billion xyoo dhau los, qhov tshwm sim ntawm uas, raws li niaj hnub scientific theories, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntug, nws tsis muaj nyob. Tab sis tsis muaj sij hawm, lub hav zoov ntawm qhov chaw yog tsis yooj yim sua, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim, txav. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Big Bang, lub moos thoob ntiaj teb tau pib, uas ua rau muaj kev txav ntawm txhua yam teeb meem hauv ntiaj teb
Lub paj hlwb autonomic (ANS) yog ib feem ntawm lub paj hlwb uas tswj cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev. Lub npe thib ob ntawm ANS yog kev tswj hwm tus kheej, txij li nws txoj haujlwm tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis nco qab thiab tsis nyob ntawm tus neeg lub siab nyiam. Nws yog conditionally muab faib ua ob chav department - sympathetic (SNS) thiab parasympathetic (PSNS). Cov tshuaj nquag ntawm thawj zaug yog cov npe nrov adrenaline. Qhov thib ob neurotransmitter yog acetylcholine. Cov hlab ntsha ntev tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg lub cev yog vagus
Tam sim no, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam ntawm lub hnub ci yog mob siab rau cov satellites ntawm cov ntiaj chaw loj. Kev txaus siab rau lawv tau nce thaum lub sijhawm xya caum thiab yim caum, tom qab thawj cov duab los ntawm Voyager spacecraft qhia rau cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov txawv txawv thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov ntiaj teb tej thaj chaw deb. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom cog lus ntawm kev kawm yog qhov loj tshaj plaws satellite ntawm Jupiter - Ganymede
Lub tunneling microscope yog ib qho cuab yeej muaj zog heev rau kev kawm cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev. Nws cov duab topographical pab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm chemical-specific deg tsom xam cov txheej txheem, ua rau ib tug structural txhais ntawm nto. Koj tuaj yeem kawm paub txog lub cuab yeej, kev ua haujlwm thiab lub ntsiab lus, nrog rau pom daim duab ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas qhov tob hauv kab lus no
Kev kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub zog thiab entropy yog dab tsi kev tshawb fawb thermodynamics. Nws suav nrog tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev xav uas cuam tshuam txog macroscopic ntsuas cov khoom (kub, siab, thiab ntim) rau lub zog thiab nws lub peev xwm ua haujlwm