Enzymes yog biocatalysts uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov metabolism thiab cov tshuaj biochemical. Lawv muaj kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb thiab siv los ua cov organic catalysts hauv ntau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam. Kab lus no muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm microbial enzymes thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm.
Introduction
Ntau lub bioindustries xav tau enzymes nrog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb rau lawv siv hauv kev ua cov substrates thiab cov khoom siv raw. Microbial enzymes ua raws li biocatalysts los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov txheej txheem lom neeg hauv kev lag luam thiab ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg piv rau kev siv tshuaj catalysts. Lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb yog siv rau kev lag luam paj paj thiab kev lag luam. Enzymes yog qhov tshwj xeeb, lawv catalyze txog 4000 biochemical tshuaj. Nobel laureate Emil Fischer tau hais tias qhov no yog vim hais tias ob qho tib si enzyme thiab cov substrate muaj cov geometry tshwj xeeb ntxiv uas yog qhov tseeb.haum rau ib leeg.
Definition
Enzymes yog cov khoom siv roj ntsha loj uas muaj lub luag haujlwm rau txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tshuaj tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog los txhawb txoj sia. Lawv yog cov xaiv catalysts uas tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm tus nqi thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv metabolic uas muaj xws li kev zom zaub mov mus rau DNA synthesis. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem metabolic tshwm sim hauv lawv nyob ntawm seb cov enzymes tsim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob.
History
Xyoo 1877, Wilhelm Friedrich Kuehne, tus xibfwb ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm University of Heidelberg, thawj zaug siv lo lus "enzyme", uas los ntawm Latin lo lus fermentum, lub ntsiab lus "hauv leaven". Tau txais enzymes ntawm microorganisms pib nyob rau hauv ancient Greece. Lawv tau siv los khaws zaub mov thiab dej haus.
In 1783, tus naas ej Italian Catholic pov thawj Lazzaro Spallanzani thawj zaug hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm biomolecule hauv nws txoj haujlwm ntawm biogenesis.
Hauv xyoo 1812, Gottlieb Sigismund Kirchhoff tau tshawb xyuas cov txheej txheem hloov cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab rau hauv qabzib. Hauv nws qhov kev sim, nws qhia txog kev siv cov enzymes los ua ib qho catalyst.
Xyoo 1833, Fab Kis kws tshuaj Anselm Payen nrhiav pom thawj enzyme, diastase.
Ntau xyoo tom qab, xyoo 1862, thaum kawm txog kev fermentation ntawm qab zib rau cawv, Louis Pasteur tau los xaus tias nws tau catalyzed los ntawm lub neej quab yuam muaj nyob rau hauv cov poov xab hlwb.
Biomolecules pom nyob rau hauv qhovtau dav siv txij thaum ub los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom xws li linen, tawv thiab indigo. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob microorganisms - enzyme producers.
Meaning
Enzymes yog xav tau los pab txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv lub neej ntawm cov kab mob microorganisms tseem ceeb heev. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua kom cov txheej txheem metabolic, ua pa, digestion thiab lwm yam kev ua neej. Thaum cov enzymes ua haujlwm zoo, homeostasis raug tswj xyuas. Lwm lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes hauv cov kab mob yog ua kom cov metabolism sai.
Special Features
Cov kab mob microorganism enzyme muaj xws li:
- kub tsis kam;
- thermophilic xwm;
- kam rau hloov pH ntau yam;
- kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thaum hloov pauv kub thiab pH;
- lwm cov xwm txheej nruj heev.
Lawv raug cais raws li thermophilic, acidophilic lossis alkaliphilic. Cov kab mob microorganisms nrog thermostable enzyme systems txo qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov kab mob microbial nyob rau hauv cov kev lag luam loj loj ntawm lub sijhawm ntev. Microbial enzymes pab txhawb kev hloov pauv loj thiab txo cov viscosity ntawm lub substrate thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis txheej txheem ntawm raw khoom.
Kev faib tawm
Vim tias muaj ntau yam kev ua ub no raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, enzymes raug cais raws li catalysis:
- Oxidoreductases. Cov tshuaj oxidation cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov ntawm electrons los ntawm ib qho moleculerau lwm tus. Hauv cov kab ke lom neeg, qhov no yog kev tshem tawm hydrogen los ntawm substrate.
- Kev hloov pauv. Cov chav kawm ntawm enzymes no catalyzes kev hloov ntawm pawg ntawm atoms ntawm ib lub molecule mus rau lwm tus. Aminotransferases lossis transaminases pab txhawb kev hloov ntawm ib pawg amino los ntawm cov amino acid mus rau alpha-oxo acid.
- Hydrolases. Catalyze hydrolysis, splitting ntawm substrate nrog dej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv suav nrog kev sib cais ntawm peptide bonds hauv cov protein, glycosidic bonds hauv carbohydrates, thiab ester bonds hauv lipids. Feem ntau, cov molecules loj dua tawg ua tawg me me.
- Liase. Catalyze qhov sib ntxiv ntawm pab pawg rau ob daim ntawv cog lus lossis tsim cov tom kawg los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov qub. Piv txwv li, pectate lyases cleave glycosidic bonds los ntawm beta tshem tawm.
- Isomerases. Lawv catalyze kev hloov ntawm pab pawg los ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm mus rau lwm tus nyob rau hauv tib molecule. Hloov cov qauv ntawm lub substrate, rearranging nws atoms.
- Ligases. Txuas molecules ua ke nrog covalent bonds. Lawv koom nrog cov tshuaj biosynthetic, qhov twg cov pab pawg tshiab tau tsim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no yuav tsum muaj lub zog nkag rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cofactors.
Daim ntawv thov
Fermentation yog siv los npaj ntau yam khoom noj. Kev siv cov enzymes microbial hauv kev lag luam zaub mov yog txheej txheem ntev. Cov hom hauv qab no tau siv dav:
- Amylase. Liquefaction ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, txhim kho cov khob cij zoo, qhia meej ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
- YGlucoamylase. Kev tsim cov npias thiab syrups nrog cov piam thaj thiab fructose siab.
- Protease. Kev sib twnqaij, mis nyuj coagulation.
- YLactase. Txo cov lactose intolerance hauv tib neeg, cov khoom noj khoom haus prebiotic.
- Lipase. Kev tsim cov cheddar cheese.
- YPhospholipases. Kev tsim cov lipolysed mis nyuj rog.
- Esterase. Kev txhim kho ntawm saj thiab aroma hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Deesterification ntawm kev noj haus fiber ntau. Kev tsim cov saw luv esters.
- Cellulases. Tsiaj pub.
- YGlucose oxidase. Txhim kho cov khoom txee lub neej.
- Laccases. Kev tshem tawm ntawm polyphenols los ntawm cawv.
- Catalases. Kev txuag zaub mov. Kev tshem tawm cov hydrogen peroxide los ntawm cov mis nyuj ua ntej tsim cheese.
- YPeroxidase. Kev loj hlob ntawm saj, xim thiab zoo ntawm cov zaub mov.
Protease
Proteases muab tau los ntawm microbial systems muaj peb hom: acidic, nruab nrab thiab alkaline. Alkaline serine proteases muaj daim ntawv thov loj tshaj plaws hauv bioindustry. Lawv muaj kev ua haujlwm siab thiab ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej txawv txav ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub cev. Alkaline proteases muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev ua haujlwm enzymatic thaum siv cov tshuaj detergents. Lawv tau pom daim ntawv thov dav hauv bioindustry:
- tsim cov hmoov ntxuav;
- khoom noj khoom haus;
- tawv ua;
- pharmaceuticals;
- tshawb fawb hauv molecular biology thiab peptide synthesis.
Amylase
Qhov no yog ib qho enzyme ntawm cov kab mob uas catalyzes cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab rau hauv cov suab thaj. Nws yognrhiav tau thiab cais los ntawm Anselm Peyen hauv 1833. Tag nrho cov amylase yog glycoside hydrolases. Lawv tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam thiab suav txog ze li 25% ntawm kev ua lag luam enzyme. Siv hauv kev lag luam xws li:
- food;
- bakery;
- ntawv thiab textile;
- qab zib thiab kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
- glucose thiab fructose syrups;
- tshuaj ntxuav tes;
- roj ethanol los ntawm starches;
- yuav haus dej cawv;
- pab digestive;
- stain remover hauv qhuav tu.
Kuj siv hauv kev kho mob, kho mob thiab tshuaj loog.
YXylanase
Hemicellulose yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom ua liaj ua teb nrog rau cellulose, lignin thiab pectin. Xylan yog nws cov khoom tseem ceeb. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm xylanase tau nce ntxiv vim nws cov kev siv biotechnological rau kev tsim cov pentose, kev ua kom huv ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, kev txhim kho kev zom zaub mov, thiab bioconversion ntawm lignocellulosic ua liaj ua teb pov tseg rau hauv roj thiab tshuaj. Nws tau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, textile thiab pulp thiab ntawv industries, ua liaj ua teb pov tseg, ethanol ntau lawm thiab tsiaj pub.
Laccase
Liginolytic enzymes muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv hydrolysis ntawm lignocellulosic ua liaj ua teb residues, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev degradation ntawm complex thiab non-pumping lignin. Lawv yog cov ntau yam nyob rau hauv cov xwm thiab yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm industrial txheej txheem. Lub lignolytic enzyme system yog siv rau hauv cellulose biodecoloration thiab lwm yam lag luam xws li cawv thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo stabilization, denim laundering, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab biosensors.
Lipase
Qhov no yog ib qho enzyme ntawm cov kab mob uas catalyzes kev tawg thiab hydrolysis ntawm cov rog. Lipases yog subclass ntawm esterases. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev zom zaub mov, thauj thiab ua cov rog. Feem ntau ntawm cov lipases tau koom nrog qee txoj haujlwm ntawm glycerol qaum ntawm cov rog substrate, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau nthuav tawm los ntawm cov kab mob zais cia thaum muaj kab mob sib kis. Lipases suav hais tias yog pawg tseem ceeb ntawm biotechnologically muaj txiaj ntsig enzymes, feem ntau yog vim muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv cov khoom siv thiab yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoom loj.
daim ntawv thov Lipase
Cov enzymes no koom nrog ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem lom neeg, xws li cov metabolism hauv triglyceride niaj hnub hauv kev noj zaub mov kom pom thiab mob ntawm tes. Qee qhov kev ua lipase raug txwv rau qee qhov chaw hauv cov hlwb, thaum lwm tus ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw ntxiv ntawm tes:
- Pancreatic lipases tau zais rau hauv cov chaw sab nraud uas lawv ua haujlwm los hloov cov lipids rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim uas thauj mus thoob lub cev.
- Pab kom nqus tau cov as-ham los ntawm ib puag ncig.
- Kev nce qib lipase hloov pauvCov pa catalysts hauv biodiesel ua.
- Siv hauv daim ntawv thov xws li ci, ntxhua khaub ncaws, ua biocatalysts.
- Nyob hauv kev lag luam textile, nws yog siv los ua kom cov ntaub ntawv absorbency thiab evenness thaum dyeing.
- Txhim kho cov zaub mov saj los ntawm kev sib xyaw esters ntawm luv saw fatty acids thiab cawv.
- Qhov muaj lossis qib siab ntawm lipases yuav qhia tau tias muaj kab mob lossis kab mob tshwj xeeb thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov cuab yeej kuaj mob.
- Muaj cov kab mob bactericidal. Yuav siv tau los kho cov qog nqaij hlav malignant.
- Muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab tshuaj (cov khoom tu tawv nqaij, plaub hau curlers).
