Fundamentals of microbiology: kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov qauv

Cov txheej txheem:

Fundamentals of microbiology: kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov qauv
Fundamentals of microbiology: kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov qauv
Anonim

Phylogeny thiab kev faib tawm ntawm fungi microbiology tau hloov pauv thiab hloov kho tau ntau xyoo, txij li xyoo 19th. Cov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb yeej txawv txawv thiab yuav tau kawm ntev.

Nceb uas loj hlob tag nrho lawv lub neej, zoo li cov nroj tsuag, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nkag mus thiab noj lwm yam kab mob - qhov no puas ua tau? Yog lawm, niaj hnub kev tshawb fawb ntawm ultrastructure ntawm lub cell, nws biochemistry thiab physiological yam ntxwv tso cai rau peb mus xaus hais tias cov fungi muaj ib tug nruab nrab txoj hauj lwm, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag.

Sign Mushrooms Nyiaj
Number of cores in a cell Ntau, tsis tshua muaj tus ib ib
Cell wall Tam sim no thiab tej zaum yuav muaj chitin, cellulose, chitosan, glucan No Tam sim no thiab muaj cellulose
Cov khoom kawg ntawm nitrogen metabolism

YCarbamide

(urea)

YCarbamide

(urea)

Asparagine, glutamine
Carbohydrates (reserve) YGlycogen, qab zib cawv YGlycogen Starch
Kev ua neej Free Stocked

Yuav ua li cas nceb los ua ib lub nceeg vaj cais

Thaum lub sijhawm Carl Linnaeus (thaum xyoo pua 18th), nceb tau suav tias yog cov nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th (nyob rau hauv lub 40s) B. M. Kozopolyansky tau thov kom faib cov nroj tsuag kingdom rau sub-kingdoms:

  • Schizophyta Schizophyta (shotguns) - kab mob raug xa mus rau lawv.
  • Nomophyta Nomophyta (cov nroj tsuag tiag tiag) yog cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
  • Mycophyta Mycophyta (nceb thiab slime pwm).

Nyob rau hauv lub 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, kev hloov pauv hauv taxonomy ntawm fungi txuas ntxiv: cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau tshwm sim hauv microbiology, los yog hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam, qhov twg cov evolution ntawm cellular microstructures tau soj ntsuam. Raws li cov khoom siv no, Whittaker tau tsim xyoo 1969 nws tus kheej lub ntiaj teb, qhov twg txhua lub neej tuaj yeem muab faib ua 5 lub tebchaws. Ib tug muab rau nceb.

A. L. Takhtadzhyan (ua hauj lwm ntawm 1973 thiab 1976) insisted rau plaub lub nceeg vaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no organic, thiab lub thib plaub yog muab rau nceb. Ob tus kws tshawb fawb tau muaj txoj cai siab tshaj plaws hauvlub voj voog scientific. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev cais lub nceeg vaj rau nceb tau raug daws. Tab sis tom qab ntawd tus taxon no pib "kis."

nceb colony
nceb colony

Mushrooms ntawm mysterious keeb kwm

Pab pawg ntawm fungi nthuav vim lawv keeb kwm kev loj hlob (phylogeny) yog heterogeneous.

Lawv txawv, raws li nws tau pom tsis ntev los no, nyob rau hauv biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv ntawm cell membranes thiab genome. Txij li thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th (1998), peb stems ntawm fungi tau txawv uas yog evolutionarily txawv ntawm ib leeg. Txhua tus sib raug rau ib chav kawm cais (Cavalier-Smith):

  • Protozoa.
  • Chromists.
  • Fungi.

Protozoa thiab Chromists yog cov nceb qis, chav Fungi - mus rau cov siab dua.

siab dua - qhov txawv

nceb ntawm ib qeb yog sawv cev los ntawm mycelium (mycelium). Lub mycelium ntawm qis fungi yog non-cellular, uas yog, tsis muab faib los ntawm partitions rau hauv me me sectors. Cov fungi siab dua muaj cov partitions (septa), tab sis lawv tsis muaj zog, tab sis muaj qhov, yog li cov ntsiab lus ntawm protoplasm tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm sector mus rau sector.

Lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nceb qis thiab nceb siab dua yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo ntawm kev tsim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj thiab ntom. Tsis muaj leej twg tseem tsis tau pom cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv cov kab mob uas tsis yog cellular (los yog cov kab mob zoo li nceb). Qhov no tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus - cov tsiaj me hauv av noj microscopic mycelium txaus siab heev.

nce dna
nce dna

Mushroom monsters

Hauv kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob hauv microbiology, Fungi lub nceeg vaj yeej ib txwm xav txog, thiab qee zaum lwm ob lub tebchaws (Protozoa thiab Chromists)tsis hais. Qhov no yog vim Protozoa yog cov kab mob zoo li cov kab mob es tsis yog fungi.

Lawv yog qhov tshwj xeeb uas lawv muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ywj pheej amoeboid txav. Lawv lub cev yog multinucleated uas nws kim heev protoplast (plasmodium uas tsis tsim hyphae), thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob voj voog muaj ib tug flagellar tsiv theem.

Chromista kuj txawv heev. Lub nceeg vaj sib sau ua ke ib pawg motley ntawm cov kab mob ntsig txog algae (xim av, golden, diatoms, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov kab mob zoo ib yam li fungi.

Nceb zoo li chromists plam lawv cov xim rau zaum ob, yog nruab nrog flagella, thiab es tsis txhob ntawm chitin, cell phab ntsa yuav muaj cellulose. Feem ntau tsis muaj cov phab ntsa ntawm tes txhua. Tom qab ntawd lub cev ntawm fungus yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug protoplast, uas yog, nws tsuas yog surrounded los ntawm ib daim nyias nyias. Lawv nyob ze ntawm keeb kwm rau algae (daj-ntsuab).

Luminescence, nceb
Luminescence, nceb

Ntau txog Protozoa

Protozoa muaj chav haujlwm:

  • Mixomycetes (Myxomycota)
  • Plasmodiophoromycetes (Plasmodiophoromycota)
  • Dictyosteliomycetes (Dictyosteliomycota)

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam tsev Myxomycota tseem hu ua slime pwm. Lawv muab cov yam ntxwv muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si nceb thiab tsiaj txhu. Lawv tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub substrate zoo li amoeba, passively nqus cov as-ham los ntawm tag nrho cov nto los yog nquag ntes thiab zom cov kab mob. React rau lub teeb los yog tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov zaub mov. Lawv feem ntau nyob hauv hav zoov av, ntoo rotting.

Tab sis lawv rov tsim dua li nceb los ntawm spores. Kuj tseem muaj kev sib deev. Slime pwm tuaj yeem ua taumicroscopic, tab sis lawv loj hlob tag nrho lawv lub neej. Qee cov pwm slime, xws li fuligo, loj hlob mus txog ntau kaum centimeters.

Biochemical xeem tubes
Biochemical xeem tubes

Amazing Chromists

Kingdom Chromists (Chromista) unites departments:

  • YHyphochytriomycetes (Hyphochytriomycota).
  • Oomycetes (Oomycot).
  • Labyrinthulomycetes (Labyrinthulomycota).

Ntawm cov Chromists, ib tus tuaj yeem xav txog labyrinthula ua piv txwv. Cov no yog me me marine nceb zoo li creatures. Lub cev ntawm "nceb" yog plasmodium, uas yog them rau saum nrog ib tug mesh ntawm mucous ectoplasm, hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib daim nyias nyias. Lub mesh yooj yim txuas mus rau lub substrate los yog txav mus rau qhov khoom noj. Nws txawm tiv thaiv desiccation yog Plasmodium nkag mus rau hauv av.

Kev yug me nyuam, zoo li feem ntau cov fungi, yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm spores, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, cov txheej txheem kev sib deev yog qhib. Hauv cov khoom noj hauv hiav txwv, labyrinthulae tau muab qhov chaw hwm - amoebas, hom planktonic, thiab cov crustaceans me me pub rau lawv. Labyrinthules, nrog rau cov kab mob, ua tiav colonize inorganic khib nyiab - iav, iav ntaub plaub, yas. Thib ob cov khib nyiab colonizers tej zaum yuav yog, piv txwv li, hiav txwv acorns.

Chromists algal
Chromists algal

About nceb tiag tiag

Cov nceb tiag tiag hauv tib neeg kev nkag siab feem ntau yog macromycetes. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev ntawm macromycetes muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov khoom noj khoom haus uas muaj kev lag luam sib txawv tau tshwm sim hauv kev lag luam - kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov nceb hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tsim.

Kingdom of Fungi (Fungi,Mycota) muab faib ua plaub pawg. Ntawm lawv:

  • YChytridiomycetes (Chytridiomycota).
  • Zygomycota.
  • Ascomycetes (Ascomycota).
  • Basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota).

Ntawm cov no, thawj ob chav haujlwm suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kab mob qis (micromycetes), thiab thib ob - siab dua (feem ntau macromycetes). Micromycetes tsis tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Tsis tshua muaj, motile flagellar theem tshwm sim hauv lub neej voj voog. Muaj ntau tus kab mob parasites ntawm cov neeg sawv cev. Macromycetes suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev uas tsim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev. Cov no yog cov tinder fungi thiab cap nceb.

Qee zaum Deuteromycetes (Deuteromycóta) tau qhia tias yog lub tuam tsev thib tsib. Hauv kev tsim kom muaj kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob, microbiology txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm deuteromycetes hu ua imperfect fungi. Yog vim li cas lawv thiaj li tsis muaj peev xwm los tsim kev sib deev.

nceb plasmodium
nceb plasmodium

Paj - unicellular fungi

Raws li niaj hnub kev faib tawm ntawm cov fungi, microbiology muab cov poov xab rau lub nceeg vaj Fungi, Ascomycete department. Cov no yog cov nceb siab dua, txawm hais tias lawv lub cev yog unicellular. Cov poj koob yawm txwv cov poov xab muaj ntau lub cellular, tab sis cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob tau hloov mus rau qhov poob ntawm mycelium.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm chav haujlwm yog ob txheej txheej cell membranes. Macromycetes, pwm pwm, thiab cov poov xab kuj muaj lawv. Poov xab plhaub muaj polysaccharides glucans thiab mannans.

Poov - ib chav ntawm cov fungi Hemiascomycetes (Hemiascomycetes), xaj Saccharomycetales. Muaj kev xav tias cov poov xab yog ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob uas tsis muaj nws tus kheej taxon. Nws suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam tsev Ascomycetes thiab Basidiomycetes.

Cov poov xab rov tsim dua los ntawm budding, tsawg dua los ntawm cell faib nyob rau hauv ib nrab, thiab nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob tsis zoo, ib tug txheej txheem kev sib deev yog ua tau. Ib feem ntawm cov poov xab ua spores, uas tso cai rau lawv muab faib ua ob pawg loj - sporogenic thiab asporogenic.

Yees yees duab
Yees yees duab

Muab nceb

Pom nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov se loj. Muaj cov pwm siab dua thiab qis dua: tsis zoo li cov kab mob qis dua, hauv cov pwm micromycetes ntau dua, cov mycelium tau muab faib ua cov khoom tawg (cov cell). Lawv pub los ntawm kev tso cov enzymes ntawm lub substrate uas decompose cov khoom rau hauv cov khoom yooj yim. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem pom cov pwm thiab cov poov xab ntawm tib daim khob cij, tab sis cov khoom uas lawv haus yuav txawv. Cov poov xab pub rau cov piam thaj, thaum cov proteins thiab cov rog yog cov zaub mov substrates rau pwm fungi.

Pwm muaj nyob rau hauv txhua pawg taxonomic ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Fungi:

  • YChytridiomycetes. Synchytrium endobioticum yog qos yaj ywm cab uas ua rau tuber rot.
  • Zygomycetes. Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm mukor yog saprophyte (nyob rau hauv ib qho inanimate substrate), ua rau lub khob cij pwm.
  • Ascomycetes. Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pwm dub yog saprophyte, uas yog siv rau kev lag luam ntawm citric acid. Cov tshuaj allergen uas muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg ua rau muaj kab mob xws li aspergillosis. Qhov no kuj suav nrog penicilli siv los ua cheese thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
  • Basidiomycetes. Ua rau kab mobcereals (xeb thiab smut parasites).
  • Pwm nyob rau hauv ib lub tais petri
    Pwm nyob rau hauv ib lub tais petri

Muaj pwm txawm nyob hauv Chromist lub nceeg vaj, ntawm oomycetes:

  • Phytophthora, kab mob uas ua rau rot hauv txiv lws suav thiab qos yaj ywm.
  • Plasmopara (Plasmopara viticola) parasitizes vines thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Kab mob nroj tsuag - powdery mildew.

Yog li, nceb tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg kawm tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov organic xwm. Niaj hnub nimno txoj kev kawm cov microstructures thiab biochemistry ntawm lub cell ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau tshiab, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov kev faib ntawm fungi txuas ntxiv hloov.

Pom zoo: