David Hilbert yog ib tug kws ua lej nto moo thiab tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov chav kawm siab tshaj plaws, tsis nkees nkees, mob siab rau nws lub siab nyiam, txhawb siab thiab ua siab dawb, yog ib qho zoo ntawm nws lub sijhawm.
Creative power, originality of xav, amazing insight and versatility of interests ua David ib tug pioneer nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub meej sciences.
Gilbert David: phau ntawv keeb kwm luv luv
David yug hauv lub nroog Welau, nyob ze Königsberg (Prussia). Yug thaum Lub Ib Hlis 23, 1862, nws yog thawj tus menyuam ntawm ob niam txiv - Otto thiab Maria. Gilbert tsis yog menyuam yaus prodigy; nyob rau hauv lem teem nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb txhua cheeb tsam ntawm kev ua lej, nws daws tau cov teeb meem uas nws nyiam. Thaum ua tiav ntawm qhov muaj tswv yim impulse, David tau tawm ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm kev ua ub no rau nws cov tub ntxhais kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, nws tau tso lawv tseg, qhia lawv txoj kev kawm uas tsim nyog thiab tshaj tawm phau ntawv zoo rau cov thwjtim.
Hilbert tuaj yeem ua qhov txawv: nws tshaj tawm rau xyoo kawm ntawv tshiab ib chav tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua lej uas nws tsis tau kawm thiab kov yeej nws ua ke nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm raug xaiv. Nkag mus rau hauv cov chav kawm zoo li no tau suav tias yog ib qho kev vam meej loj, txawm tias qhov tseeb, kev kawm ntawm nws yog qhov kev sim loj.
Gilbert thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm
David Gilbert, uas nws biography yog nthuav rau cov tiam neeg niaj hnub no, tau saib xyuas thiab coj zoo nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm uas nws xav tias muaj peev xwm. Yog hais tias lub txim ploj mus, tus kws tshawb fawb pom zoo kom lawv sim lawv tus kheej hauv lwm yam haujlwm. Ib txhia ntawm Hilbert cov tub ntxhais kawm ua raws li tus kws qhia ntawv cov lus qhia thiab dhau los ua engineers, physicists, thiab txawm tias sau ntawv. Tus xibfwb tsis nkag siab loafers thiab suav tias yog cov neeg qis dua. Ua ib tug txiv neej muaj kev hwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, David muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv huab cua sov, nws tuaj rau lectures nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv-tsho lub tsho nrog ib tug qhib dab tshos, uas tsis yog tag nrho befitting ib tug xibfwb, los yog xa paj bouquets rau ntau passions. Ua ntej ntawm lub tsheb kauj vab, zoo li qee yam khoom plig, nqa lub thawv ntim chiv.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias nws muaj kev zoo siab, David Hilbert yog ib tus neeg tawv tawv thiab tuaj yeem thuam tus neeg tsis ua raws li nws cov qauv (nyeem nyuaj heev, qhov twg nws tuaj yeem ua kom yooj yim dua, lossis piav qhia meej txaus, raws li qhov siab. tsev kawm ntawv theem).
Hilbert thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb
Nws lub peev xwm rau kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag David Gilbert, nws cov keeb kwm luv luv tau piav qhia hauv pebtsab xov xwm, Kuv xav rov qab rau hauv Königsberg, qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua lej tsis tshua muaj kev hwm. Yog li ntawd, tau xaiv rau qhov ntsiag to Göttingen, qhov chaw sib sau ua ke rau German lej, Hilbert tau tsiv mus nyob rau hauv 1895 thiab ua tiav tiav mus txog rau xyoo 1933, thaum Adolf Hitler los ua hwj chim.
Hilbert nyeem nws cov lus qhuab qhia maj mam, yam tsis muaj qhov tsim nyog embellishments, nrog repetitions nquag kom sawv daws to taub nws. David kuj ib txwm rov hais dua cov khoom dhau los. Hilbert cov lus qhuab qhia ib txwm nyiam cov neeg coob coob: ntau pua tus neeg tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem mus rau hauv lub tsev, txawm tias zaum ntawm windowsills.
Kev Tshawb Fawb David pib nrog algebra, meej dua - nrog kev hloov pauv hauv tus lej kev xav. Ib daim ntawv qhia txog lub ncauj lus no tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm nws phau ntawv kawm.
Gilbert Tsev Neeg
Muaj hmoo hauv kev phooj ywg, David tsis muaj hmoo hauv nws tsev neeg. Lawv sib raug zoo nrog nws tus poj niam Kete, tab sis lawv tib tug tub yug los demented. Yog li ntawd, Hilbert pom ib lub qhov hluav taws xob hauv kev sib txuas lus nrog ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asmeskas. Tus kws lej feem ntau tau teeb tsa kev mus ncig ua si thiab npaj kev sib koom ua ke tshuaj yej tog, thaum lub sij hawm qhov kev xav ntawm cov ntsiab lus ua lej tau hloov mus rau hauv cov lus sib tham ntawm ntau yam. Cov thawj xibfwb German tsis paub txog qhov kev sib txuas lus no; Nws yog txoj cai ntawm David Hilbert uas ua rau nws tus qauv, uas tau nthuav tawm thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm lej.
Tsis ntev, qhov kev nyiam ntawm algebraic ntawm tus lej hloov mus rau geometry, uas yog, mus rau qhov chaw tsis kawg. txwvcov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus, qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv thiab lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov vectors txhais qhov chaw Hilbert - zoo ib yam li Euclidean ib.
Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim hauv kev tshawb fawb tseeb
Nyob rau xyoo 1898-1899, David Hilbert tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm geometry, uas tam sim ntawd dhau los ua tus muag khoom zoo tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws tau muab tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm axioms ntawm Euclidean geometry, systematized lawv mus rau hauv pawg, sim txiav txim siab qhov txwv ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv.
Cov koob hmoov zoo li no tau coj Hilbert rau lub tswv yim tias hauv txhua qhov kev ua lej koj tuaj yeem siv qhov tseeb ntawm cov axioms thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau. Raws li qhov piv txwv tseem ceeb, tus lej suav tau xaiv qhov kev xav dav dav, thiab hauv nws, qhov paub zoo ntawm Cantor continuum hypothesis. David Hilbert tau ua tiav hauv kev ua pov thawj qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov kev xav no. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1931, cov tub ntxhais hluas Austrian Kurt Godel tau ua pov thawj tias postulates zoo li qhov kev xav tsis tu ncua, uas Hilbert suav tias yog ib qho ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm txoj kev xav, tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv txhua qhov system ntawm axioms. Cov lus no qhia tau hais tias kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis nyob twj ywm thiab yuav tsis nres, txawm hais tias txhua zaus nws yuav tsim nyog los tsim cov axioms tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus - ib yam dab tsi uas tib neeg lub hlwb tau hloov mus rau tag nrho. Hilbert paub qhov no los ntawm nws tus kheej qhov kev paub dhau los, yog li nws zoo siab rau Gödel qhov kev tshawb pom zoo kawg nkaus.
Hilbert's Mathematical Problems
Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 38 xyoo, ntawm Mathematical Congress hauv Paris, uas tau coj los ua ke tag nrho cov xim ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Hilbert tau tshaj tawm "Cov Teeb Meem Ua Lej", uas nws tau thov 23cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Hilbert tau txiav txim siab txog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua lej ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd kom nquag txhim kho thaj chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb (set theory, algebraic geometry, functional analysis, mathematical logic, number theory), nyob rau hauv txhua qhov ntawm nws tau sau cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas, thaum kawg. ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tau raug daws los yog tau raug pov thawj.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua lej
Muaj ib hnub, cov tub ntxhais hluas nug Hilbert qhov nws xav tias yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua lej, uas tus kws tshawb fawb laus teb tias: "Catch a fly on the far side of the moon!" Raws li Hilbert, qhov teeb meem no tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb, tab sis qhov kev cia siab yuav qhib li cas yog tias nws daws tau! Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb discoveries thiab inventions ntawm haib txoj kev no entail!
Qhov tseeb ntawm Hilbert cov lus tau lees paub los ntawm lub neej: nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias kev tsim cov khoos phis tawj tau tshwm sim rau kev suav tam sim ntawm lub foob pob hydrogen. Kev tshawb pom xws li kev tsaws ntawm thawj tus txiv neej nyob rau lub hli, huab cua huab cua huab cua rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, lub community launch ntawm ib tug dag satellite ntawm lub ntiaj teb no los ua ib yam ntawm cov khoom los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Hmoov tsis zoo, Gilbert tsis muaj sijhawm los ua pov thawj cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej, tus xibfwb impotently saib lub disintegration ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv lej nyob rau hauv Göttingen, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm Nazis. David Hilbert, tus kws ua lej uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tshawb fawb, tuag thaum Lub Ob Hlis 14, 1943 los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm caj npab tawg. Qhov ua rau tuag yog lub cev tsis muaj zog ntawm tus lej.
