Science 2024, Kaum ib hlis

Teb cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi lub asteroid yog ua los ntawm yog ib qho ntawm thawj txoj haujlwm hauv kev kawm ntawm ib lub cev zoo li no, txij li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ua rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov khoom, uas yog thaum kawg txuas nrog lub keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov hnub ci system. Los ntawm cov tswv yim pom zoo, lub peev xwm tsim nyog ntawm lub cev asteroid los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev siv lawv cov peev txheej yav tom ntej yog qhov txaus siab

Txog 100 lab tons ntawm ammonia tau tsim txhua xyoo hauv ntiaj teb: cov tshuaj no yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws thiab siv dav hauv kev lag luam. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov tshuaj ammonia, ntxuav thiab dyeing ntawm cov ntaub ntuj tsim, tsim cov nitric acid, nrog rau hauv cov ntaub hluavtaws, ntsev ntawm ammonia, urea thiab urotropine. Nws yog ib qho pheej yig coolant. Ammonia yog teeb meem rau daim tawv nqaij thiab mucous daim nyias nyias, vim nws ua rau mob heev

Tooj liab yog cov hlau nplaum, ua haujlwm yooj yim, muaj hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom ua tau zoo, ntau yam alloying Cheebtsam tau qhia rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov kab lus no yuav tsom mus rau ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee, uas ua rau nws tsis kam mus rau corrosion, tsub kom lub zog thiab hluav taws xob tsis kam

Mummy yog ib yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas ntau tus neeg siv hauv kev kho mob. Txawm hais tias qhov kev nthuav dav no, tag nrho spectrum ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tseem tsis tau paub. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm mummy yog tsis meej kiag li. Muaj ntau txoj kev xav txog qhov no

Kinship thiab khoom vaj khoom tsev yog ob lub ntsiab lus uas muaj kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej txhais, yam tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej, qhov tshwm sim thiab ua rau tshwm sim. Lawv koom siab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm tsev neeg, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo, thiab tseem muaj lawv tus kheej qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj cai lij choj

Txij li xyoo kawm ntawv, sawv daws paub tias dej denser dua huab cua. Vim li no, qhov kev hloov pauv hauv siab hauv dej nrog rau immersion yog sai dua li nws qhov kev hloov pauv nrog nce siab. Yog li, thaum nqis 10 meters, muaj qhov nce siab hauv ib qho chaw. Nyob rau hauv qhov sib sib zog nqus dej hiav txwv kev nyuaj siab, mus txog 10 txhiab meters, daim duab no yog 1 txhiab cua. Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub tias lub siab hloov pauv hauv dej li cas thiab nws cuam tshuam rau cov tsiaj nyob li cas yuav tau piav qhia hauv qab no

Lub hauv paus dogma ntawm molecular biology qhia tias DNA muaj cov ntaub ntawv rau kev cai rau tag nrho peb cov proteins, thiab peb hom RNA txhais cov cai no rau hauv polypeptides es passively. Muaj ntau ntau hom tsis-coding RNA hauv eukaryotes. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hloov RNA (tRNA) thiab ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Raws li tau hais ua ntej, ob qho tib si tRNA thiab rRNA ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhais ntawm mRNA rau hauv cov protein

Kev tsom xam qee zaum txhais tau tias yog kev tshuaj xyuas cov lus "tshaj kab lus". Nws yog ib lo lus dav dav rau kev kawm txog kev siv lus ntawm tib neeg li cas hauv cov ntawv sau thiab hauv cov ntsiab lus hais. "Kev kawm txog kev siv lus tiag tiag los ntawm cov neeg hais lus tiag tiag hauv qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag," sau Théun A. van Dijk hauv Phau Ntawv Qhia rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb

Lub caij yttrium tau pom nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog nyob rau ob peb xyoos dhau los no cov hlau mos mos no tau pom dav siv hauv ntau yam haujlwm: chemistry, physics, computer technology, zog, tshuaj thiab lwm yam

Txhua tus menyuam yaus sib txawv, thiab lawv txhua tus txhim kho ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev kawm hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv loj yog tsom mus rau qee qhov nruab nrab, uas siab dhau rau cov menyuam yaus tsis muaj zog thiab tsis txaus ntseeg rau cov muaj zog. Qhov no cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam uas muaj zog thiab cov uas tsis muaj zog. Txhawm rau coj mus rau hauv tus account tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, 2, 4, thiab lwm yam yog feem ntau cais tawm. qib. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau qib tiag tiag hauv chav kawm vim tias muaj menyuam yaus! Puas muaj peev xwm txheeb x

Tsev neeg ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txhua tus neeg lub neej. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws yuav pab tus neeg kom nkag siab zoo txog nws tus kheej, nrog rau kev paub txog tsev neeg kab lis kev cai lossis qee yam nta, xws li kab mob caj ces. Yuav ua li cas los teb cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab koj haiv neeg los ntawm qhov tsos?

Zaj dab neeg ua tiav ntawm Valentin Pavlovich Gapontsev yuav luag tsis txaus ntseeg. Nws tau los ua ib tus neeg ua lag luam thaum muaj hnub nyoog 51 xyoos, thiab nws tsim nws txoj kev lag luam tsis yog muag roj, roj lossis hlau, tab sis ntawm kev tsim cov lasers thiab kev siv nws tus kheej patents

Nyob ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev tsim khoom, cov kws tshaj lij kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw, qhov khoob, qhov chaw thiab cov khoom kawg, uas tso cai rau peb kom ua tiav cov khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab kuaj xyuas qhov tsis xws luag raws sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov dej num ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau nce ntxiv rau kev siv tshuab kho qhov muag thiab, tshwj xeeb, rau lub tshuab ntsuas metallographic, uas yog siv los kawm cov khoom opaque hauv qhov chaw pom

Density yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis rau txhua lub xeev ntawm cov teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav xav txog cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog qhov ceev ntawm cov hlau, peb yuav muab ib lub rooj ntawm qhov ntom ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshuaj thiab tham txog cov hlau ntom ntom ntawm lub ntiaj teb

Txij thaum lub sijhawm Newton tsim nws txoj cai ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, nws tsis paub meej rau nws tias yog cov huab hwm coj sib nyiam rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, yog vim li cas lub ntiaj teb tsis poob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm nws lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Cov hnub qub thiab cov ntiaj chaw yuav tsum nyiam ib leeg thiab maj mam txav mus rau ib leeg, kom txog thaum kawg, lawv sib koom ua ke

Subatomic hais yog cov khoom uas tsim cov atoms. Txog lawv cov khoom yog dab tsi thiab lawv nrhiav tau li cas - nyeem tsab xov xwm

Nyob rau xyoo 1897, tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Askiv Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) tau tshawb pom lub tshuab hluav taws xob tom qab kev sim ntau yam tsom rau kev kawm txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm hluav taws xob tawm hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo tau txhais qhov deflections ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab cov hlau nplaum ua pov thawj tias cov hluav taws xob tsawg dua li cov atoms

Andrew Stewart Tanenbaum yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb hauv computer. Nws yog Emeritus xibfwb ntawm Computer Science ntawm Free University of Amsterdam. Tanenbaum tau ua kev tshawb fawb txog kev muab tso ua ke thiab compilers, kev khiav hauj lwm systems, networks, thiab hauv zos faib systems. Nws yog neeg thoob ntiaj teb paub txog kev tsim Unix-zoo li Minix system thiab ua tus sau ntau yam haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb hauv computer

Lub oscillation amplitude yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv ntu ntawm cov txheej txheem oscillatory, vim tias tsis nkag siab nws ntawm qib txaus, kev ua haujlwm ntxiv nrog cov duab thiab qhov sib npaug yog ua tsis tau. Hais txog yuav ua li cas lub amplitude ntawm oscillations yog qhia thiab nws nyob li cas, nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tsis nyob twj ywm: tam sim no ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom uas suav tias yog qhov ua tsis tau tiav tsuas yog ib puas xyoo dhau los. Kev vam meej yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv tshuaj thiab biology. Kev ua txhaum ntawm bioengineering, loj hlob hauv nruab nrog cev hauv chav kuaj yuav hloov pauv lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tib neeg kom zoo dua

Nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm kawg ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Xeev hauv Lavxias, tus tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum tau nyeem cov ntawv thiab nrhiav qhov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm. Muaj peb ntawm lawv hauv txoj haujlwm, qee zaum ntau dua. Teeb meem nrog lawv txhais tau tshwm sim tsis tshua muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab kom meej, vim tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis yog tsuas yog nrhiav qee yam teeb meem thiab sau ib tsab ntawv rau nws, tab sis kuj yuav tsum sib cav kom raug, raws li tus nyeem ntawv thiab kev ua neej nyob

Yuav kom nkag siab tias dab tsi yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw sib nqus, ntau qhov xwm txheej yuav tsum tau txhais. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov ua ntej yuav ua li cas thiab vim li cas nws tshwm. Nrhiav seb dab tsi yog lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm lub magnetic teb. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov teb no tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis yog hauv cov hlau nplaum xwb. Hauv qhov no, nws tsis raug mob los hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb magnetic teb

Phenomena xws li dielectric susceptibility thiab permittivity pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv physics, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej no hauv kev tshawb fawb, lawv lub zog thiab kev siv hauv lub neej niaj hnub

Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm statics, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm mechanics, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog muab rau axioms thiab cov ntsiab lus yooj yim. Tsuas muaj tsib lub hauv paus axioms. Ib txhia ntawm lawv paub los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov kev qhia physics, vim lawv yog Newton txoj cai

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim siv hauv physics yog qhov sib nqus. Nws ua rau txav cov nqi hluav taws xob. Nws yog imperceptible thiab tsis hnov los ntawm ib tug neeg, tab sis nws lub xub ntiag tuaj yeem ntes tau siv cov hlau nplaum lossis hlau. Nws kuj yog ib qho yooj yim to taub qhov twg magnetic teb hu ua homogeneous thiab inhomogeneous

Ntau yam khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce npe Cawv Denat ua cov khoom xyaw. Lub npe no tam sim ceeb toom rau cov neeg uas saib xyuas lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab xaiv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce kom zoo. Peb puas yuav tsum ntshai ntawm cov khoom no, uas ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cawv? Dab tsi yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv hauv kev tsim kho thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce? Tag nrho cov lus nug no muaj cov lus teb uas yuav muab tam sim ntawd

Ib tug neeg lub ntsej muag attracts xim nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Lub tswv yim ntawm tus txiv neej los yog poj niam ntawm daim duab yog ua los ntawm kev piav tes piav taw, lub ntsej muag thiab lub ntsej muag. Superciliary arches muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev xaav ntawm tus neeg. Nrog cov pob muag pronounced, ib tug neeg zoo li phem heev, thaum lawv tsis tuaj, lub ntsej muag dhau los ua poj niam

Cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb xyuas tib neeg lub siab thiab tus cwj pwm li cas? Txawm hais tias muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb sib txawv, kev sim kev tshawb fawb ntuj tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los saib qhov ua rau thiab cuam tshuam kev sib raug zoo. Lawv txheeb xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb, tsim ib qho kev xav, tswj xyuas qhov sib txawv, thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim

Thaum koj noj cov khoom qab zib lossis cov dib pickled, koj pom qhov txawv, vim hais tias tus nplaig muaj pob tshwj xeeb lossis papillae uas muaj cov buds uas pab koj qhia qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom noj sib txawv. Muaj ntau lub hlwb receptors ntawm txhua tus receptors uas tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv saj. Cov tshuaj lom neeg uas saj qaub, iab los yog qab zib tuaj yeem khi rau cov receptors no, thiab ib tus neeg xav tias saj tsis tau saib nws noj dab tsi

Koj puas tau hnov ib tug neeg nyeem paj huam txaus ntshai - nres ntawm qhov chaw tsis ncaj ncees lawm, hais cov kab kom qhuav thiab tsis ntxiv ib qho kev xav overtones? Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog tsis muaj prosody. Qhov no yog ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas siv los nyeem nrov nrov, xws li tsa lossis txo lub suab, kev nthuav qhia, thiab ncua thaum tsim nyog

Txiv neej yeej ib txwm yog ib yam ntawm cov dab neeg tshawb nrhiav. Koj nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog koj cov poj koob yawm txwv, ua qee qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab nrhiav cov lus teb rau koj cov lus nug. Zoo li txhua tus neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo, koj sau ntawv rau yam koj pom thaum koj mus. Thiab qhov koj tau txais yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog rau koj xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov kws tshawb fawb yav tom ntej. Genealogy yog science uas kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsev neeg

Physiology kawm dab tsi? Qhov kev tshawb fawb no cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog cov kab mob muaj sia, tsiaj txhu lossis cov nroj tsuag, nrog rau lawv cov ntaub so ntswg lossis cov hlwb. Txij li thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, lo lus no tau txhais tau hais tias siv txoj kev sim, nrog rau cov tswv yim thiab cov tswv yim ntawm lub cev sciences, kev kawm txog qhov ua rau thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm txhua yam muaj sia

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los sau thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua phem thiab kev ncaj ncees. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua txhaum cai suav nrog qee txoj hauv kev, cov txheej txheem, txhais tau tias ntawm kev sau, ua, tshuaj xyuas thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua txhaum cai. Qhov ua rau ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib raug zoo, nrog rau tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg ua txhaum cai, tab tom kawm. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev ua txhaum cai, siv ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev kwv yees kev ua txhaum cai

Dab tsi yog lus hnov? Nws yog kev sib xyaw ntawm tsib qhov kev xav (pom, hnov, kov, saj thiab tsw). Organoleptic kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov khoom yog raws li kev siv ntawm lub cev. Rau cov khoom, tshwj xeeb, kev sib xyaw ntawm saj, kev ntxhib los mos, astringency thiab aroma yog siv. Kev soj ntsuam kev hnov lus yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev tswj xyuas thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob. Muaj tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev siv cov kev xav - qhov no yog organoleptic

Koj puas tau tso tseg los xav txog txhua daim me me uas tsim cov kab lis kev cai uas koj nyob? Tau kawg, muaj ntau yam kev lig kev cai thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv, xws li tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem, tab sis ua li cas txog kev ntseeg uas koj qhia rau cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig koj, xws li cov phooj ywg thiab tsev neeg? Paradigm yog dab tsi? Nws yog, nyob rau hauv cov lus yooj yooj yim, ib txheej ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kev ntseeg uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb saib

Raptor yog ib tug dinosaur tiag tiag yog huab tais ntawm predators. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog suav hais tias yog Utahraptor los ntawm genus ntawm therapods, uas suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev loj tshaj plaws ntawm tsev neeg dromaeosaurid. Raws li qee qhov kev kwv yees, kev loj hlob ntawm tus tsiaj nyeg ncav cuag 7 meters ntev, thiab qhov hnyav tsis ntau tshaj 500 kilograms

Ballistics yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev txav mus los, kev ya davhlau thiab cov teebmeem ntawm qhov projectiles. Nws muab faib ua ntau yam kev qhuab qhia. Sab hauv thiab sab nraud ballistics cuam tshuam nrog kev txav thiab ya ntawm qhov projectiles. Kev hloov ntawm ob hom no yog hu ua intermediate ballistics. Terminal ballistics hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov projectiles, ib pawg cais npog qhov kev puas tsuaj rau lub hom phiaj

Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb yog qhov kev tshawb fawb siab tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia, ua cim kev pabcuam loj ntawm tus neeg rau kev txhim kho ntawm ib qho kev paub tshwj xeeb. Yuav kom tau txais cov degree no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tiv thaiv tus kws kho mob dissertation, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus sau. Muaj qee qhov kev cai uas yuav tsum tau tso siab rau hauv cov txheej txheem sau ntawv thiab tiv thaiv kev tshaj tawm

Lub tshuab hais lus yog ib txheej ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg lub cev uas koom nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm lub suab thiab hais lus ua pa, yog li tsim kev hais lus. Cov cuab yeej hais lus suav nrog cov kabmob ntawm qhov hnov lus, articulation, ua pa thiab hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb

Kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntseeg siab hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws, ntau txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev puas siab puas ntsws yog siv. Qee lub sij hawm lawv lub sijhawm tuaj yeem siv sijhawm 10 lossis ntau xyoo, xws li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev kawm ntev. Qhov no yog ib qho kev kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm tib neeg tib lub sijhawm ntev, uas yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws