Isopropyl cawv (2-propanol, isopropanol, i-propanol, isopropyl cawv) yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tau dhau los ua ntau yam vim nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tawg, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab khaws cia khoom. Cov cawv no siv ntau hom kev lag luam, nrog rau cov neeg tsav tsheb thiab kws kho mob.
YIsopropyl cawv - yog dab tsi?
Isopropyl cawv yog cov cawv thib ob monohydric. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm isopropanol yog CH3 - CH (OH) - CH3. Isopropanol tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho derivative ntawm saturated hydrocarbon propane CH3 - CH2 - CH3, nyob rau hauv lub molecule uas ib tug hydrogen atom yog hloov los ntawm ib tug cawv - hydroxyl pawg (-OH). Txij li thaum pawg hydroxyl hauv cov molecule yog ib qho, cov cawv hu ua monohydric. Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov tshuaj formula ntawm isopropyl cawv, cov pa roj carbon txuam nrog cov pab pawg hydroxyl txuas nrog.ob pab CH3. Yog li ntawd, cawv hu ua theem nrab.
Cov qauv qauv ntawm isopropyl cawv, nrog rau cov qauv ntawm qee lwm cov dej cawv monohydric, tau qhia hauv daim duab.
Lub cev muaj zog
Ntau yam khoom ntawm isopropanol, piv txwv li, yog vim muaj cov cawv (-OH). Cov pab pawg no muaj polarity siab. Yog li ntawd, -OH pawg ntawm ib isopropanol molecule tsim ib daim ntawv cog lus nrog -OH pawg ntawm lwm isopropanol molecule. Yog li, cov molecules yog txuam nrog, uas yog, lawv txuas rau ib leeg. Xws li daim ntawv cog lus hu ua hydrogen bond. Nws tsis muaj zog, tab sis tseem ceeb heev hauv qhov xwm txheej.
Vim yog hydrogen bonds, dej H2O nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm yog kua, tsis yog roj, xws li, piv txwv li, cov khoom zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv H 2 S hydrogen sulfide. Nws yog lub xub ntiag ntawm hydrogen bonds uas ua rau lub fact tias cov khoom theem ntawm cov dej - dej khov - muaj ib tug tsawg ntom nyob rau hauv cov xwm tshaj li cov kua theem, vim hais tias cov dej khov tsis tog.
Qhov tsim ntawm hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus piav qhia qhov kub kub ntawm isopropyl cawv thiab lwm yam dej cawv uas tsis muaj molecular hauv kev sib piv nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws. Piv txwv li, qhov kub ntawm propane yog -42 ° C, uas yog, propane ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj -42 ° C yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev gaseous. Cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm isopropyl cawv yog siab dua ntawm 82.4 ° C. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias isopropanol ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yog nyob rau hauv cov kua.condition.
Yog tias peb piv cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm isopropyl cawv thiab methyl cawv, tom qab ntawd tus qub muaj qhov kub siab dua me ntsis: 82 degrees piv rau 65. Qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj, isopropyl cawv evaporates tsawg dua methyl cawv.
Lub ntsiab lus melting thiab boiling point ntawm isopropyl cawv thiab qee qhov sib txuas tau nthuav tawm hauv lub rooj.
| Tshuaj | boiling point, oC | Melting point, o C |
| Methanol | 65 | -98 |
| 78 | -117 | |
| YPropanol | 97 | -127 |
| Isopropanol Y | 82 | -88 |
| Propane | -42 | -190 |
Kev tsim ntawm hydrogen bonds ntawm pawg cawv ntawm isopropanol thiab dej molecules txiav txim siab solubility ntawm cov cawv no hauv dej. Solubility nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov saw, tsawg dua ntawm lawv, qhov zoo dua cov cawv dissolves. Yog li ntawd, ntawm cov cawv, methanol muaj cov solubility siab tshaj plaws hauv dej, uas tuaj yeem tov nrog dej hauv txhua qhov sib piv. Ethanol yaj hauv dej me ntsis phem dua methanol, thiab isopropanol phem dua ethanol.
yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm isopropyl cawv
Soluble hauv acetone, soluble hauv benzene, miscible nrog dej, ether, ethanol.
Density 0.7851g/cm3 (20°C).
Kev txwv qis qis - 2.5% (los ntawm ntim).
melting point -89.5°C.
KubKub kub +82, 4 ° С.
Qhov kev vam khom ntawm qhov kub ntawm isopropyl cawv ntawm lub siab yog nthuav tawm hauv lub rooj.
| Npaj siab, mmHg | boiling point, oC |
| 1 | -26, 1 |
| 10 | 2,4 |
| 40 | 23, 8 |
| 100 | 39, 5 |
| 400 | 67, 8 |
| 1020, 7 | 90 |
tshuaj muaj zog
Isopropyl cawv yog cov kua tsis muaj xim. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv tsw, tsis zoo li tsw ntxhiab ntawm ethyl cawv. Tsis siv hluav taws xob.
Nkag mus rau hauv ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog siv rau kev lag luam syntheses. Feem ntau ntawm cov isopropyl cawv uas tsim tawm mus rau kev tsim cov acetone. Yuav kom tau txais acetone, isopropanol yuav tsum tau oxidized nrog ib tug muaj zog oxidizing neeg sawv cev - ib tug sib tov ntawm K2Cr2O7+ H 2SO4 or KMnO4 + H2 SO 4.
Tau txais
Hauv tebchaws Russia, kwv yees li 40 txhiab tons ntawm isopropyl cawv tau tsim xyoo 2017, yuav luag 20% tsawg dua xyoo 2016. Qhov ntim ntawm ntau lawm yog me me - yuav luag 4 lab tons ntawm methanol tau tsim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm.
Isopropyl cawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm ob lub lag luam: Synthetic Alcohol Plant CJSC nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Orsk, Orenburg cheeb tsam, thiab Sintez Acetone LLC nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam.
Hauv Orsk, isopropanol yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev sulfuric acid hydration ntawm propylene lossis propane-propylene feem uas tau los ntawm thermal lossis catalytic cracking gases. Ob hom isopropanol tau txais, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua kom huv si: kev (87%) thiab qhov tseeb (99.95%). Hauv Dzerzhinsk, isopropanol tau txais los ntawm hydrogenation ntawm acetone.
A by-product nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov isopropyl cawv los ntawm lub hydration ntawm propylene yog diisopropyl cawv, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nqis raws li ib yam khoom uas muaj octane ntau ntawm 98.
Daim ntawv thov
Isopropyl cawv yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo heev, yog li nws muaj ntau yam kev siv. Nws yog siv feem ntau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, nrog rau cov roj refining, ntoo-tshuaj, rooj tog, kho mob, zaub mov, perfumery industries, luam ntawv, thiab hauv tsev. Cov lus qhia rau kev thov:
- solvent,
- preservative,
- dehydrator,
- extractant impurities,
- stabilizer,
- de-icer.
Kev siv isopropanol hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab tsheb
Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam yog raws li hauv qab no:
- raw khoom rau kev tsim cov acetone,
- tsim cov yas - tsawg ntom polyethylene thiab polypropylene,
- Ysynthesis ntawm isopropyl acetate,
- tshuaj tua kab ntau lawm,
- solvent hauv kev tsim cov ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose hauv cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanishkev lag luam,
- kev nyab xeeb kev thauj mus los ntawm nitrocellulose (30% isopropanol ntxiv rau nws),
- extractant nyob rau hauv zoo chemical technology.
- refinery daim ntawv thov:
- Urea hnyav siv rau dewaxing diesel roj
- ib qho ntxiv rau cov roj uas txhim kho lawv cov khoom tiv thaiv corrosion thiab txo qis qhov dej,
- "tshem" dej ntawm cov roj tank.
Dej nkag mus rau hauv cov roj kab thiab lub tank ua liaj ua teb los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm huab cua ntub. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias, nws khov thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov dej khov. Thaum ntxiv cov isopropanol kiag li, dej yaj hauv nws thiab tsis khov.
In the automotive industry:
- "tshem" dej los ntawm lub tank roj los ntawm kev tawg nws,
- ua cov roj tiv thaiv kom nce octane tus lej thiab txo cov pa phem,
- windshield defroster,
- antifreeze rau radiators,
- tshem tawm cov dej nres ntawm hydraulic nres.
Kev siv isopropanol hauv lwm yam kev lag luam
Rooj tog thiab ntoo siv tshuaj:
- rho tawm cov resins los ntawm ntoo sib xyaw nrog lwm cov kuab tshuaj,
- tshem tawm cov kua roj vanish qub, Fabkis cov kuab tshuaj, kua nplaum, roj,
- binder hauv polishes thiab ntxuav.
Hauv kev lag luam luam ntawv, isopropanol yog siv los moisten luam ntawvtxheej txheem. Hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob - ua cov kuab tshuaj rau kev ntxuav cov kab sib txuas, cov nplaum nplaum, lub taub hau disk, laser lo ntsiab muag, tshem tawm cov thermal paste, ntxuav cov keyboards, LCD saib, iav cov ntxaij vab tshaus. Tsis txhob siv nws tsuas yog ntxuav cov yas, raws li isopropanol reacts nrog nws.
Daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam kho mob thiab tshuaj:
- suav nrog hauv cov tshuaj tua kab mob impregnating so kua,
- tshuaj tua kab mob los so qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj,
- 75% aqueous tov siv los ntxuav tes
- tshuaj tua kab mob swab,
- tshuab ziab khaub ncaws rau kev tiv thaiv otitis media,
- preservative rau kev khaws cia ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam (tsawg tshuaj lom tshaj li formaldehyde).
Isopropanol muaj qhov zoo dua ethanol: cov nyhuv tshuaj tua kab mob ntau dua thiab tus nqi qis. Yog li qhov twg ethanol siv los siv, isopropanol tam sim no siv.
Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab naj hoom, isopropanol yog siv hauv kev tsim khoom:
- tshuaj pleev ib ce,
- khoom tu tus kheej,
- Y naj hoom, cologne, lacquer.
Hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, isopropanol yog siv los ua cov khoom txias hauv kev tsim cov khoom noj khov.
Nyob hauv tsev:
- rau ntxuav ntau qhov chaw tshwj tsis yog roj hmab thiab yas,
- rau tshem tawm stains ntawm ntaub, ntoo,
- tshem tawm cov nplaum los ntawm cov ntawv nplaum (ntawm daim ntawv, isopropanol tsis yogsiv tau).
Txoj kev phem
Isopropanol yog siv hauv tshuaj ua tshuaj tua kab mob hauv zos. Thaum siv tshuaj pleev ib ce, nws evaporates sai thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Khaub thuas ua pa yog tias nqus pa, tuaj yeem ua rau mob taub hau. Ib tug siab concentration ntawm isopropanol nyob rau hauv cov huab cua inhibits kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb, ua rau tsis nco qab. Yog li ntawd, ua hauj lwm nrog isopropanol nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo-ventilated cheeb tsam.
Isopropanol tsis siv sab hauv vim nws yog tshuaj lom. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv daim siab, nws hloov mus rau hauv ib qho tshuaj lom - acetone, uas cuam tshuam rau daim siab, ob lub raum thiab lub hlwb. 200 ml ntawm isopropanol yog ib koob tshuaj tuag.
