Txhua yam tshuaj muaj peev xwm muab faib ua cov hlau tsis yog hlau thiab hlau. Koj puas paub lawv txawv li cas? Yuav ua li cas los txiav txim lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub rooj ntawm cov tshuaj? Koj yuav pom cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no thiab lwm cov lus nug hauv peb tsab xov xwm.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab hlau: lub rooj zaum ntu
Nws tsis yog ib txwm ua tau kom paub tias pawg twg cov tshuaj muaj nyob hauv cov paib sab nraud thiab lub cev lub cev. Cov khoom ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis yog hlau tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv lub rooj zaum.
Ua li no, koj yuav tsum pom qhov kos duab kab pheeb ces kaum ntawm boron mus rau astatine, los ntawm 5 mus rau 85 tus lej. Nyob rau hauv sab xis ces kaum yuav feem ntau tsis yog hlau. Muaj ib tug tsawg ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub rooj, tsuas yog 22 ntsiab. Cov hlau yog nyob rau sab xis ntawm lub rooj zaum saum toj kawg nkaus - feem ntau hauv pawg I, II thiab III.
qib zog
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab cov hlau yog pib vim yog cov qauv ntawm lawv cov atoms. Cia peb pib nrog tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons nyob rau sab nrauv lub zog. Rau cov hlau atoms, nws txawv ntawm ib mus rau peb. Raws li txoj cai, lawvmuaj lub vojvoog loj, yog li cov hlau atoms tau yooj yim pub dawb rau sab nraud, vim lawv muaj zog txo cov khoom.
Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau muaj ntau dua electrons nyob rau sab nrauv. Qhov no piav qhia lawv cov haujlwm oxidative. Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau ntxiv cov electrons uas ploj lawm, ua kom tiav cov qib zog. Cov khoom muaj zog tshaj plaws oxidizing tau nthuav tawm los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau ntawm lub sijhawm thib ob thiab thib peb ntawm pawg VI-VII.
Ib qib zog muaj 8 electrons. Halogens nrog valence Kuv muaj lub zog oxidizing siab tshaj plaws, fluorine yog thawj coj ntawm lawv, vim tias lub caij no tsis muaj cov kab mob dawb.
Cov qauv ntawm cov hlau thiab tsis yog hlau: siv lead ua lattices
Lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab. Yog hais tias koj conditionally txuas lawv nrog kev xav txog kab, koj tau txais ib tug qauv hu ua ib tug siv lead ua lattice. Nws cov nodes tuaj yeem muaj cov qauv sib txawv: atoms, molecules lossis cov khoom them nqi - ions.
Hauv qee cov hlau tsis yog hlau, ib qho atomic crystal lattice yog tsim, cov khoom uas txuas nrog covalent bonds. Cov khoom nrog cov qauv no yog cov khoom thiab tsis muaj volatile. Piv txwv li, phosphorus, silicon thiab graphite.
Nyob rau hauv cov molecular siv lead ua lattice, kev sib cog lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus qis qis dua. Feem ntau, cov khoom tsis yog hlau yog nyob rau hauv cov kua los yog gaseous lub xeev ntawm aggregation, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub lawv yog cov khoom, tsawg-melting non-metals.
Nyob rau hauv ib qho qauv hlau, qee cov atoms poob lawv sab nraudelectrons. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tig mus rau hauv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo - cations. Lub tom kawg recombine nrog electrons, tsim neutrally charged hais - cations, electrons thiab atoms yog ib txhij nyob rau hauv cov hlau lattice.
Lub cev muaj zog
Cia peb pib nrog lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau. Nws yog ib txwm lees txais tias tag nrho cov hlau yog cov khoom khov. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog mercury, ib qho kua dej khov. Nws cov vapors yog cov kab mob sib kis - ib yam tshuaj lom uas ua rau lub cev lom.
Lwm tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb yog cov hlau nplaum, uas tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov saum npoo ntawm cov hlau cuam tshuam lub teeb rays. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb yog hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity. Cov cuab yeej no yog vim muaj cov hluav taws xob dawb hauv cov hlau lattices, uas nyob rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob teb pib txav mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Mercury ua kom sov thiab tam sim no zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov, nyiaj muaj qhov ua haujlwm qis tshaj plaws.
Hlau daim ntawv cog lus ua rau malleability thiab ductility. Raws li cov ntsuas no, kub yog tus thawj coj, uas nws muaj peev xwm yob tawm ib daim ntawv tuab li tib neeg cov plaub hau.
Feem ntau, cov khoom ntawm lub cev ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau yog qhov sib txawv. Yog li, tom kawg yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov nqi qis ntawm hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity, tsis muaj xim hlau luster. Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov khoom tsis yog hlau yog nyob rau hauv lub gaseous los yog kua hauv lub xeev, thiab cov khib nyiab ib txwm nkig thiab fusible, uas tau piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv molecular ntawm non-metals. Pob zeb diamond, liab phosphorus thiab silicon yog refractory thiabnon-volatile, cov no yog cov khoom uas tsis yog-molecular qauv.
Dab tsi yog semimetals
Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov hlau thiab tsis yog hlau muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshuaj uas nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab txoj hauj lwm. Lawv hu ua semimetals. Atoms ntawm semimetals yog txuas los ntawm covalent tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus.
Cov tshuaj no muab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Piv txwv li, antimony yog silvery-dawb crystalline khoom thiab reacts nrog acids los ua ntsev, cov khoom siv hlau. Ntawm qhov tod tes, antimony yog ib yam khoom tawg yooj yim heev uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim tau, thiab nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm tes.
Yog li, cov hlau tsis zoo thiab cov hlau muaj qhov sib txawv, tab sis kev faib tawm yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, vim muaj ntau yam khoom ua ke ob qho tib si.
