Josef Schumpeter, "Theory of Economic Development": kev taw qhia, txoj hauv kev thiab teeb meem ntawm kev loj hlob

Cov txheej txheem:

Josef Schumpeter, "Theory of Economic Development": kev taw qhia, txoj hauv kev thiab teeb meem ntawm kev loj hlob
Josef Schumpeter, "Theory of Economic Development": kev taw qhia, txoj hauv kev thiab teeb meem ntawm kev loj hlob
Anonim

Muaj ob qho kev qhia hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam: classical lossis, raws li nws tseem hu ua, Askiv thiab German keeb kwm tsev kawm ntawv. Nws thiaj li tshwm sim hais tias nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm Lavxias teb sab universities lawv qhia classical economic txoj kev xav, thiab lub German tsev kawm ntawv yog tsis nco qab, txawm hais tias nws yog daim ntawv thov ntawm nws cov kev cai tseem ceeb uas coj kev lag luam ntawm cov teb chaws tsim nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub theem. Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv German yog Joseph Schumpeter's Theory of Economic Development.

Short biography

Josef Schumpeter yug Lub Ob Hlis 8, 1883 hauv Czech (tom qab ntawd Moravia) lub nroog Trshesht. Thaum nws muaj 4 xyoos, nws poob nws txiv thiab tsiv nrog nws niam mus rau Vienna (Austria). Nyob ntawd, nws niam tau sib yuav Field Marshal Major Sigmund von Koehler. Ua tsaug rau lub koom haum zoo li no, Josef tau txais lub sijhawm los kawm ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Ua ntej nws tau txaiskev kawm ntawm Theresianum (lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo tshaj plaws hauv Vienna). Tom qab kawm tiav, nws nkag mus hauv University of Vienna ntawm Kws Lij Choj ntawm Txoj Cai. Nws cov xib fwb tau paub zoo Austrian kws tshawb fawb, philosophers, sociologists (E. Böhm-Bawerk, F. von Wieser thiab Gustav von Schmoller). Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo ntawm kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, lub hauv paus tau nteg rau lub ntiaj teb no saib ntawm J. Schumpeter thiab lub tswv yim ntawm lub hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm economic theory.

In 1907-1908 Josef ua haujlwm hauv Cairo. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau tso nws thawj txoj haujlwm loj, Qhov Tseem Ceeb thiab Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis ua tiav.

Lub Sijhawm Ua Haujlwm

Ntawm nws rov qab los ntawm Cairo, nws pib ua haujlwm hauv University of Vienna raws li Privatdozent, tab sis tsis ntev nws raug yuam kom tsiv mus rau Chernivtsi xyoo 1909. Txij li xyoo 1911, Schumpeter tau ua haujlwm hauv University of Graz. Nws tau txais lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev phooj ywg nrog E. Böhm-Bawerk, txij li Pawg Sab Laj tsis kam xaiv nws los ua tus ncej no.

Xyoo 1913, nws thawj zaug tuaj rau Tebchaws Meskas, qhov chaw nws qhia hauv Columbia University tau li ib xyoos. Xyoo 1932, nws tau tsiv mus nyob teb chaws Amelikas mus tas li, mus txog thaum nws tuag thaum Lub Ib Hlis 8, 1950.

Nyeem cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, nrog rau cov hauj lwm ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb, tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam txoj kev xav ntawm Joseph Schumpeter. Ntxiv nrog rau lub tswv yim hais, nws yog tus tsim ntawm "History of Economic Analysis", nyob rau hauv uas nws tshawb nrhiav kev txhim kho ntawm kev xav txog nyiaj txiag los ntawm Aristotle mus rau Adas Smith.

Tshaj tawm ntawm txoj kev xav

Nyob hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, "Theory of Economic Development" yogthawj zaug luam tawm xyoo 1939. Txij thaum ntawd los, phau ntawv tau rov luam dua thiab muab txhais ua lwm yam lus. Thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Russia, Schumpeter txoj haujlwm "Theory of Economic Development" tau luam tawm xyoo 1982 los ntawm Progress Publishing House. Hauv tebchaws Russia, phau ntawv tau luam tawm zaum kawg xyoo 2007 los ntawm Eksmo Publishing House.

Schumpeter J. txoj kev xav ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam
Schumpeter J. txoj kev xav ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam

Cov kev cai yooj yim. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm innovation nyob rau hauv tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau muab los ntawm Schumpeter hauv "Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam" yog tias kev txhim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, cov tswv yim thiab kev ua haujlwm. Tsuas yog kev tsim kho tshiab thiab lawv cov kev taw qhia rau hauv kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam hauv lub neej tuaj yeem ua rau kev lag luam loj hlob, kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev vam meej ntawm lub tebchaws.

Ua piv txwv, Schumpeter piv lub tsheb thiab lub tsheb nees. Lub tsheb yog ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog acceleration ntawm kev txav, nws tseem yog ib qho kev nce hauv kev nqa lub peev xwm. Lub tsheb ua rau nws tuaj yeem thauj tau ntau dua thiab pheej yig dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim cov tshuab pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho ntawm lwm qhov chaw: cov roj refining kev lag luam, kev tsim cov iav zoo meej ntau dua, cov hlau alloys, cov roj hmab dag, thiab lwm yam. Muab kaum khub ntawm nees thiab txuas rau ib pab neeg yuav tsis muab tib qhov nce hauv traction lossis ceev uas lub tsheb muaj. Tib lub sijhawm, kev lag luam tshiab kuj yuav tsis tshwm sim. Kev tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw tshiab ntawm kev tsim khoom txhais tau tias kev nce hauv cov haujlwm, kev nce hauv kev lag luam, nyiaj ua haujlwm thiab kev txhim kho lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Qhov sib txawvlos ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm Ricardo, Schumpeter nyob rau hauv "Theory of Economic Development" xam pom cov pejxeem kev loj hlob tsis yog ib tug phem, tab sis raws li ib tug koob hmoov.

Schumpeter Theory of Economic Development 1982
Schumpeter Theory of Economic Development 1982

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg ua lag luam

Nyob rau hauv Schumpeter's "Theory of Economic Development" tus ua lag luam ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Tab sis lub tswv yim nws tus kheej muaj lub ntsiab lus txawv me ntsis tshaj qhov uas tau txuas nrog nws los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv classical. Hauv nws txoj kev xav, "tus neeg ua lag luam" txhais tau tias "tus neeg uas, ntawm nws tus kheej txaus ntshai thiab pheej hmoo, txiav txim siab los tsim thiab muag cov khoom tshiab." Nws xav tias tag nrho cov nqi ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov khoom tshiab, thiab raws li qhov khoom plig nws tau txais lub sijhawm los muag nws nkaus xwb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis tas yuav yog tus tsim khoom tib lub sijhawm. Henry Ford yog tus piv txwv tseem ceeb.

Ford muaj peev xwm tsim cov tsheb loj, txo nws cov nqi thiab tuav lub khw rau ntau xyoo tom ntej. Nws yog lub siab xav los ua ib tug monopolist uas distinguishes tus ua lag luam los ntawm tus so. Qhov zoo muaj nyob hauv txhua tus neeg ua lag luam: susceptibility rau yam tshiab, lub zog, mob siab rau, ua siab loj thiab perseverance.

Cov nyiaj qiv pheej yig ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov haujlwm yog tias tus neeg ua lag luam tsis muaj nws tus kheej cov nyiaj khaws cia loj lossis peev, thiab nws tsis yooj yim los nrhiav tus neeg ua lag luam, vim tias tom kawg ib txwm nrhiav kev nqis peev hauv kev tsim khoom, uas yog, thaum lub sijhawm ua lag luam. novelty twb tau txais los ntawm kev ua lag luam. Yog li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev yog kom ua tiav cov paj laum qis ntawm cov nyiaj qiv.

pab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm economic theory
pab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm economic theory

Kev lag luam

Cycles nyob ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv Schumpeter txoj kev xav. Lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, lawv cov kev taw qhia rau hauv kev tsim khoom, kev tsim khoom loj, kev ua tsis tiav thiab pov tseg. Lub voj voog nws tus kheej yuav kav ntev npaum li nws yuav siv sij hawm kom txaus siab rau kev lag luam lossis kev tshwm sim ntawm cov cuab yeej tshiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yog tias qhov kev thov txaus siab tag nrho, thiab kev tsim kho tshiab tsis tshwm sim, stagnation teeb tsa, uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv lub xeev kev nyuaj siab.

Cycle phases

Kev taw qhia ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam txoj kev xav, tawm tswv yim los ntawm Schumepeter, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav cov theem ua tiav ntawm lub neej ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij ntawm cov khoom lag luam, lub sijhawm ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv, tag nrho lub voj voog muaj tsib theem.

  1. Technology development. Cov theem no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nqis peev siab thiab xoom xa rov qab.
  2. Thawj nkag mus rau lub khw. Cov khoom tshiab yog kim, koj yuav tsum siv nyiaj ntau rau kev tshaj tawm thiab kev tshaj tawm. Cov khoom yog positioned raws li cov khoom kim heev.
  3. Txhim kho kev tsim khoom, txo nqi. Kev tsim khoom pheej yig dua, thawj tus neeg sib tw.
  4. Mass ntau lawm, ua lag luam saturation. Cov cuab yeej siv tau ua tiav, cov khoom muag tau muag me ntsis siab dua tus nqi, kev sib tw siab.
  5. Kev poob qis, nyiaj laus. Kev ua lag luam saturated, tsis muaj leej twg xav yuav cov khoom, warehouses puv. Nqe ntawm tus nqi thiab hauv qab no.

Yog tias tom qab theem thib tsib tsis muaj cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau tshwm sim lossis tsis tau pom ib tus neeg ua lag luam thiab lub voj voog tsis tau "rov pib dua", ces qhov kev poob qis ib ntus poob rau hauv, ua raws li kev nyuaj siab. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuavlos tsim kom tau ib tug tshiab kev txiav txim, nws yog tsim nyog los rhuav tshem lub qub. Nov yog lub ntsiab lus hu ua "creative destruction" concept.

pab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm economic theory
pab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm economic theory

Raws li Schumpeter, qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws tsis yog kev nyuaj siab, tab sis kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev lag luam, thaum muaj cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, tab sis, txawm tias lawv xav tau, lawv tsis xav tau, vim cov neeg yuav khoom tsis muaj nyiaj yuav. lawv.

Raws li Schumpeter's "Kev Xav Txog Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam", kev kub ntxhov tsis yog qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim, tab sis tshwm sim thaum lub neej kev lag luam nyob hauv lub xeev tsis zoo. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm qhov chaw (piv txwv li, kev ua tsov ua rog lossis kev ua tub rog), lossis vim yog txoj cai tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lub xeev, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev vam meej.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tso tseg kev txhim kho kev lag luam

Nws suab txawv txawv, tab sis qee lub tebchaws tsis kam tsim kev lag luam. Failure txhais tau tias deindustrialization. Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau yam pretexts ntawm kev tawm tswv yim ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos lossis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm sab nraud. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no txhais tau tias kev tawm mus los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam uas tau hais los ntawm Schumpeter, uas, nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev sib tw hnyav ntawm cov teb chaws, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj.

teeb meem kev lag luam
teeb meem kev lag luam

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis lees paub ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov tebchaws ntawm Eastern Europe thiab Latin America: kev txom nyem loj ntawm cov pejxeem, kev poob haujlwm siab thiab kev ua phem, kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam, yog tias muaj, cesfeem ntau sawv cev los ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm siv zog ntawm kev tsim khoom. Kev lag luam high-tech yog thawj "tuag" hauv lub tebchaws. Cov pejxeem tab tom tuag los yog tawm mus rau lub tebchaws vam meej.

Txoj hmoo ntawm kev peev txheej raws li Schumpeter txoj kev xav

Raws li daim duab uas Yauxej Schumpeter pleev xim rau hauv Txoj Cai ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam, kev peev nyiaj txiag yuav hloov mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo raws li qhov tshwm sim. Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub capitalist system. Nrog rau qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim khoom, yuav tsum muaj cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws tshaj lij tsim nyog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim khoom yog automated thiab cov haujlwm raug txiav. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau tus pej xeem muaj kev kawm siab, cov neeg txawj ntse radical, yuav pom lawv tus kheej tsis ua haujlwm, tsis muaj nyiaj tau los, tab sis nrog kev xav zoo. Cov neeg ua lag luam thiab cov nom tswv yuav tsum xav txog qhov no. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg hauv zej zog, lawv yuav tsum tau hloov ib feem ntawm lawv cov nyiaj tau los los txhawb kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev nyab xeeb. Yog li, capitalism evolving mus rau socialism.

Schumpeter ntawm communism

Josef Schumpeter tsis ntseeg txog kev ntseeg thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg. Tsuas yog kev nce qib ntawm kev nce qib tuaj yeem, hauv nws txoj kev xav, ua rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam ruaj khov. Txawm hais tias nws tau txhawb nqa lub kiv puag ncig hauv tebchaws Lavxias thiab cov kev tsim kho tshiab tau qhia los ntawm Bolsheviks, tab sis tsuas yog ua tus kws tshawb fawb uas saib xyuas kev nce qib ntawm kev sim.

Raws li Schumpeter, kev coj noj coj ua uas tau piav qhia hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm Karl Marx yog "txoj moo zoo tshiab", nrog qhov sib txawv tsuas yog qhov ntawd.communism yog cov lus cog tseg saum ntuj ceeb tsheej hauv ntiaj teb no thiab tam sim no, tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Lawm, Schumpeter, zoo li txhua tus kws tshawb fawb ib txwm muaj, tsis ntseeg txog cov lus cog tseg. Tab sis nws tau txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhuab qhia nruj heev uas muaj nyob hauv USSR. Joseph Schumpeter muaj ib nqe lus hais hauv Txoj Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam: "Lub xeev Lavxias, tsis zoo li lub xeev peev, muaj peev xwm tswj hwm kev loj hlob thiab kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas raws li nws cov hom phiaj thiab cov tswv yim tsim nyog."

Kev tsis haum ntawm lub tswvyim

Qhov teeb meem nrog kev txhim kho ntawm Schumpeter txoj kev xav ntawm kev lag luam yog tias nws tsuas yog xav txog kev vam meej hauv zej zog xwb. Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, tsuas muaj kev vam meej, thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm regression (rov qab txav) yog tsis kam. Nws tsis muaj tsawg dua qhov kev xav ntawm Ricardo lossis Karl Marx, vim nws tsis muaj kev sib tw hnyav ntawm ntau lub teb chaws thiab tib neeg. Lub tswv yim tsis suav nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm qee tus neeg txoj kev ua, tab sis tau los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tib neeg ib txwm ua raws li kev xav.

Kev rhuav tshem tsis yog ib txwm ua rau kev vam meej. Muaj ib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej thaum nws coj mus rau ib tug regression, thiab ntau yam tseem ceeb technologies poob lawm. Teb chaws Europe poob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog.

kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm economic theory
kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm economic theory

Schumpeter's theories in action

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam yog cov teb chaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj: Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv, Kaus Lim Qab Teb. Lawv tsom mus rau kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis siab, kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb thiab kev qiv nyiaj pheej yig rauua lag luam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev lag luam nrawm dua thiab dhau los ua cov thawj coj hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntau.

teeb meem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm economic kev tshawb xav
teeb meem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm economic kev tshawb xav

Ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam

Tus nqi ntawm kev pabcuam rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam kev xav ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Joseph Schumpeter yog qhov siab tiag tiag. Nws piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas thiab los ntawm yam dab tsi uas kev lag luam txhim kho. Txoj kev xav yog ua raws cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm nplua nuj. Tib lub sijhawm, Schumpeter lub tswv yim tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev lag luam kev lag luam classical, tab sis sib haum xeeb ua tiav nws.

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