Nitrogen compounds. Nitrogen Properties

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Giving s altpeter - qhov no yog lo lus Nitrogenium txhais los ntawm Latin. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm nitrogen - ib qho tshuaj lom neeg nrog atomic tooj 7, mus rau 15 pawg nyob rau hauv ntev version ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, nws yog faib nyob rau hauv cov huab cua plhaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb - cov cua. Ntau hom nitrogen tebchaw muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab cov kab mob nyob, thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, tub rog affairs, ua liaj ua teb thiab tshuaj.

Vim li cas nitrogen thiaj hu ua "ua pa" thiab "tsis muaj sia"

Raws li keeb kwm ntawm chemistry qhia, Henry Cavendish (1777) yog thawj tus tau txais cov khoom yooj yim no. Tus kws tshawb fawb dhau los ntawm huab cua dhau ntawm cov coals kub, siv alkali los nqus cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sim, tus kws tshawb fawb pom cov roj tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw uas tsis hnov mob nrog cov thee. Cavendish hu nws "ua pa tawm" vim tsis tuaj yeem ua pa thiab kub hnyiab.

Tus kws tshuaj niaj hnub no yuav piav qhia tias oxygen reacted nrog carbon los tsim carbon dioxide. Qhov seem "suffocating" ib feem ntawm huab cua feem ntau yog N₂ molecules. Cavendish thiab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tseem tsis tau paub txog cov tshuaj no, txawm hais tias nitrogen thiab ntsev sib txuas tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm cov pa txawv txawv rau nws cov npoj yaig, uas tau ua qhov kev sim zoo sib xws, Joseph Priestley.

Tam sim no, Karl Scheele tau mloog zoo rau qhov tsis paub txog huab cua, tab sis ua tsis tiav los piav qhia nws keeb kwm kom raug. Tsuas yog Daniel Rutherford nyob rau hauv 1772 pom tau hais tias cov pa "suffocating" "spoiled" gas tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim yog nitrogen. Tus kws tshawb fawb twg yuav tsum suav tias yog nws tus neeg nrhiav pom - cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tseem tab tom sib cav txog qhov no.

15 xyoo tom qab Rutherford qhov kev sim, tus kws kho mob nto moo Antoine Lavoisier tau hais kom hloov lub sij hawm "spoiled" cua, xa mus rau nitrogen, mus rau lwm qhov - Nitrogenium. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tau ua pov thawj tias cov tshuaj no tsis hlawv, tsis txhawb kev ua pa. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Lavxias teb sab lub npe "nitrogen" tshwm sim, uas yog txhais nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Lo lus feem ntau hais tias txhais tau tias "tsis muaj sia". Cov hauj lwm tom qab ntawd tsis lees paub qhov kev xav dav dav txog cov khoom ntawm cov teeb meem. Nitrogen tebchaw - cov proteins - yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws macromolecules nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Txhawm rau tsim lawv, cov nroj tsuag nqus cov khoom tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom noj ntxhia los ntawm cov av - ions TSIS MUAJ ₃2- ^{thiab NH} 4+.

Nitrogen yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg

Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm (PS) pab kom nkag siab cov qauv ntawm atom thiab nws cov khoom. Los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, ib tug yuav txiav tximnuclear charge, tus naj npawb ntawm protons thiab neutrons (ntau tus lej). Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau them sai sai rau tus nqi ntawm atomic mass - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub caij. Lub sij hawm tus naj npawb sib raug rau cov qib zog. Nyob rau hauv luv luv version ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, cov pab pawg neeg naj npawb sib raug mus rau cov xov tooj ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub sab nrauv lub zog. Cia peb sau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm nitrogen los ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub periodic system:

Nov yog cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau, nyob rau sab xis sab xis ntawm PS.
Tshuaj kos npe: N.
Order naj npawb: 7.
txheeb ze atomic mass: 14.0067.
Volatile hydrogen compound formula: NH₃ (ammonia).
Produces the siab tshaj oxide N₂O₅, uas cov nitrogen valency yog V.

qauv ntawm nitrogen atom:

Core nqi: +7.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov protons: 7; Tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons: 7.
Tus lej ntawm lub zog: 2.
Tag nrho cov electrons: 7; electronic formula: 1s²2s²2p³.

Cov isotopes ruaj khov ntawm lub caij No 7 tau kawm kom ntxaws, lawv cov lej loj yog 14 thiab 15. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm atoms ntawm cov sib zog ntawm lawv yog 99.64%. Tseem muaj 7 protons nyob rau hauv lub nuclei ntawm luv luv-nyob radioactive isotopes, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons txawv heev: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Nitrogen hauv xwm

Lub ntiaj teb lub plhaub huab cua muaj cov molecules ntawm ib yam khoom yooj yim, cov qauv uas yog N₂. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm gaseous nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov huab cua yog los ntawm ntimtxog 78.1%. Inorganic compounds ntawm cov tshuaj no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog ntau yam ammonium ntsev thiab nitrates (nitrates). Cov qauv ntawm cov tebchaw thiab cov npe ntawm qee yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws:

NH_3, ammonia.
NO_2, nitrogen dioxide.
NaNO_3, sodium nitrate.
(NH₄)₂SO_4, ammonium sulfate.

Valence ntawm nitrogen hauv ob lub tebchaw kawg - IV. Coal, av, cov kab mob muaj sia kuj tseem muaj N atoms khi. Nitrogen yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acid macromolecules, DNA thiab RNA nucleotides, cov tshuaj hormones thiab hemoglobin. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev nce mus txog 2.5%.

Simple khoom

Nitrogen nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm diatomic molecules yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov huab cua nyob rau hauv lub ntim thiab loj. Ib yam khoom uas nws cov mis yog N₂ tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw, xim lossis saj. Cov pa roj no ua rau ntau tshaj 2/3 ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub hnab ntawv huab cua. Hauv cov kua dej, nitrogen yog cov khoom tsis muaj xim zoo li dej. Kub ntawm -195.8 ° C. M (N₂)=28 g/mol. Cov khoom siv yooj yim nitrogen yog me ntsis sib dua li oxygen, nws qhov ceev hauv huab cua yog ze rau 1.

Atoms nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule ruaj khov khi 3 hom electron khub. Lub compound nthuav tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov, uas ua rau nws txawv ntawm cov pa oxygen thiab lwm yam khoom siv roj. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ib tug nitrogen molecule kom disintegrate mus rau hauv nws constituent atoms, nws yog tsim nyog los siv ib tug zog ntawm 942.9 kJ / mol. Ib daim ntawv cog lus ntawm peb khub ntawm electrons muaj zog heev.tawg thaum cua sov tshaj 2000 ° C.

Raws li ib txwm muaj, kev sib cais ntawm cov molecules rau hauv atoms xyaum tsis tshwm sim. Cov tshuaj inertness ntawm nitrogen kuj yog vim tsis tiav ntawm polarity nyob rau hauv nws cov molecules. Lawv cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau ib leeg, uas yog vim li cas rau lub xeev gaseous ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm ib txwm siab thiab kub nyob ze rau chav tsev kub. Qhov tsawg reactivity ntawm molecular nitrogen pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau yam txheej txheem thiab pab kiag li lawm yog tsim nyog los tsim ib tug inert ib puag ncig.

Kev sib cais ntawm cov molecules N₂ tuaj yeem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob hauv huab cua sab saud. Atomic nitrogen yog tsim, uas nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob reacts nrog ib co hlau thiab non-metals (phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau txais ncaj qha nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv av.

Nitrogen valency

Txheej txheej electron ntawm ib lub atom yog tsim los ntawm 2 s thiab 3 p electrons. Cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm nitrogen tuaj yeem tso tseg thaum cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus, uas sib haum rau nws cov khoom txo qis. Los ntawm kev txuas cov 3 electrons uas ploj lawm mus rau octet, lub atom nthuav tawm lub peev xwm oxidizing. Lub electronegativity ntawm nitrogen yog qis dua, nws cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau tsis tshua muaj suab nrov dua li cov fluorine, oxygen thiab chlorine. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj no, nitrogen muab electrons (yog oxidized). Kev txo qis rau cov ions tsis zoo yog nrog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov nonmetals thiab hlau.

Ntau yam ntawm nitrogen yog III. Hauv qhov nochemical bonds yog tsim los ntawm kev nyiam ntawm sab nraud p-electrons thiab kev tsim cov khoom sib txuam (kev sib khi) khub. Nitrogen muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib daim ntawv cog lus pub dawb vim nws ib leeg ntawm electrons, raws li tshwm sim hauv ammonium ion NH⁴⁺.

Kev kuaj thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam

Ib txoj hauv kev kuaj yog ua raws li oxidizing zog ntawm tooj liab oxide. Ib qho nitrogen-hydrogen compound yog siv - ammonia NH₃. Cov pa phem no ua rau cov hmoov av dub tooj liab oxide. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nitrogen tso tawm thiab nws yog xim hlau tooj liab (cov hmoov liab) tshwm. Cov dej poob, lwm yam khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nyob ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub raj.

Lwm txoj kev sim uas siv kev sib xyaw ntawm nitrogen nrog cov hlau yog azide, xws li NaN₃. Nws hloov tawm cov roj uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau ntxuav los ntawm impurities.

Ammonium nitrite yog decomposed rau hauv nitrogen thiab dej hauv chav kuaj. Txhawm rau kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib, cua sov yuav tsum tau ua, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem pib nrog kev tso tawm cov cua sov (exothermic). Nitrogen yog paug nrog impurities, yog li nws yog purified thiab qhuav.

Kev tsim cov nitrogen hauv kev lag luam:

feem ntau distillation ntawm cov cua ua kua - ib txoj kev uas siv lub cev lub zog ntawm nitrogen thiab oxygen (cov ntsiab lus kub sib txawv);
tshuaj tiv thaiv huab cua nrog liab-kub thee;
adsorption gas sib cais.

Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog hlau thiab hydrogen - oxidizing zog

Inertness ntawm muaj zog moleculestsis pub kom tau txais qee qhov sib xyaw nitrogen los ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj qha. Txhawm rau qhib cov atoms, muaj zog cua sov lossis irradiation ntawm cov khoom yog tsim nyog. Nitrogen tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog lithium ntawm chav tsev kub, nrog magnesium, calcium thiab sodium cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum cua sov. Cov hlau nitrides raug tsim.

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm nitrogen nrog hydrogen tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov txheej txheem no kuj yuav tsum muaj cov catalyst. Nws hloov tawm ammonia - ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis. Nitrogen, ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing, nthuav tawm peb qhov tsis zoo oxidation hauv nws cov tebchaw:

−3 (ammonia thiab lwm yam hydrogen compounds ntawm nitrogen yog nitrides);
−2 (hydrazine N₂H₄);
−1 (hydroxylamine NH₂OH).

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nitride - ammonia - yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Cov tshuaj inertness ntawm nitrogen tseem yog ib qho teeb meem loj rau lub sij hawm ntev. S altpeter yog nws qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv raw, tab sis cov pob zeb hauv av tau pib poob sai sai vim kev tsim khoom tau nce ntxiv.

Kev ua tiav zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshuaj thiab kev xyaum yog kev tsim cov ammonia txoj kev ntawm nitrogen fixation ntawm ib qho kev lag luam. Kev sib txuas ncaj qha yog nqa tawm hauv cov kab tshwj xeeb - cov txheej txheem thim rov qab ntawm nitrogen tau los ntawm huab cua thiab hydrogen. Thaum tsim kom muaj kev pom zoo uas hloov qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom, siv lub catalyst, ammonia tawm los mus txog 97%.

Kev cuam tshuam nrog oxygen - txo cov khoom

Txhawm rau pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nitrogen thiab oxygen, qhov cua sov yuav tsum muaj zog. Ib qho hluav taws xob arc thiab xob laim tawm hauv qhov chaw muaj lub zog txaus. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws inorganic tebchaw uas nitrogen yog nyob rau hauv nws zoo oxidation xeev:

+1 (nitric oxide (I) N₂O);
+2 (nitrogen monoxide TSIS TAU);
+3 (nitric oxide (III) N₂O₃; nitrous acid HNO₂, nws cov ntsev yog nitrites);
+ 4 (nitrogen (IV) dioxide NO₂);
+5 (nitrogen pentoxide (V) N₂O₅, nitric acid HNO₃, nitrates).

Meaning in nature

Nroj tsuag nqus ammonium ions thiab nitrate anions los ntawm cov av, siv tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm cov organic molecules, tas li mus rau hauv hlwb. Atmospheric nitrogen tuaj yeem nqus los ntawm cov kab mob nodule - microscopic creatures uas tsim kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm legumes. Yog li ntawd, pawg no ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau txais cov khoom tsim nyog, ua kom cov av nrog nws.

Thaum lub caij ntuj sov los nag, atmospheric nitrogen oxidation tshwm sim. Oxides yaj los tsim cov kua qaub, cov nitrogen tebchaw hauv dej nkag mus rau hauv av. Vim lub voj voog ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, nws reserves nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust thiab huab cua yog tas li replenished. Complex organic molecules uas muaj nitrogen yog decomposed los ntawm cov kab mob mus rau hauv inorganic Cheebtsam.

siv tswv yim

Kev sib txuas tseem ceeb tshaj plawsnitrogen rau kev ua liaj ua teb yog cov ntsev heev soluble. Urea, s altpeter (sodium, potassium, calcium), ammonium compounds (ib qho aqueous tov ntawm ammonia, chloride, sulfate, ammonium nitrate) yog assimilated los ntawm cov nroj tsuag nitrates. Qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm khaws cov macronutrients "rau yav tom ntej", uas ua rau cov khoom tsis zoo. Ib qho ntau ntawm nitrates nyob rau hauv zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo tuaj yeem ua rau lom neeg, kev loj hlob ntawm malignant neoplasms. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua liaj ua teb, nitrogen tebchaw yog siv nyob rau hauv lwm yam lag luam:

tau txais tshuaj;
rau cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm macromolecular compounds;
hauv kev tsim cov khoom tawg los ntawm trinitrotoluene (TNT);
rau kev tsim cov dyes.

NO oxide yog siv rau hauv kev phais, cov tshuaj muaj cov nyhuv analgesic. Qhov poob ntawm kev hnov qab thaum nqus cov pa no tau pom txawm tias thawj cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm nitrogen. Qhov no yog li cas lub npe tsis tseem ceeb "laughing gas" tshwm.

qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nitrogen tebchaw

Teeb meem ntawm nitrates hauv cov khoom ua liaj ua teb

Nitric acid ntsev - nitrates - muaj ib tug singly charged anion TSIS TAU^3-. Txog tam sim no, lub npe qub ntawm cov pab pawg no tau siv - s altpeter. Nitrates yog siv rau fertilize teb, nyob rau hauv greenhouses, orchards. Lawv tau thov nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav ua ntej sowing, nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kua dressings. Cov tshuaj lawv tus kheej tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau tib neeg, tab sisNyob rau hauv lub cev, lawv hloov mus rau hauv nitrites, ces mus rau nitrosamines. Nitrite ions TSIS MUAJ^2-yog cov tshuaj lom, lawv ua rau oxidation ntawm ferrous hlau hauv hemoglobin molecules rau hauv trivalent ions. Hauv lub xeev no, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntshav ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu tsis tuaj yeem nqa oxygen thiab tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.

Dab tsi yog qhov phom sij ntawm nitrate paug ntawm cov zaub mov rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv:

qog nqaij hlav uas tshwm sim thaum nitrates hloov mus rau nitrosamines (carcinogens);
kev txhim kho ntawm cov kab mob ulcerative,
hypotension lossis kub siab;
lub plawv tsis ua hauj lwm;
ntshav txhaws ntshav
daim siab, txiav, kev txhim kho ntshav qab zib;
txhim kho lub raum tsis ua haujlwm;
ntshav qab zib, nco tsis tau, mloog, kev txawj ntse.

Ib txhij noj cov khoom noj sib txawv nrog cov tshuaj nitrates siab ua rau mob hnyav. Cov peev txheej tuaj yeem yog cov nroj tsuag, dej haus, npaj cov tais diav. Soaking hauv dej huv thiab ua noj ua haus tuaj yeem txo cov ntsiab lus nitrate ntawm cov khoom noj. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias ntau dua ntawm cov tshuaj muaj kev phom sij tau pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom lag luam tsis paub tab thiab tsev cog khoom cog.

Phosphorus yog ib lub ntsiab ntawm nitrogen subgroup

Atoms ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg uas nyob hauv tib kab ntsug ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm pom cov khoom sib xws. Phosphorus nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, belongs rau 15 pawg, zoo li nitrogen. Cov qauv ntawm atomscov khoom zoo sib xws, tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom. Nitrogen thiab phosphorus pom qhov tsis zoo oxidation lub xeev thiab valency III hauv lawv cov tebchaw nrog hlau thiab hydrogen.

Ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm phosphorus tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Nws cuam tshuam nrog oxygen los tsim cov oxide ntau dua P₂O₅. Cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kua qaub (metaphosphoric). Thaum nws yog cua sov, orthophosphoric acid tau txais. Nws tsim ntau hom ntsev, ntau yam uas ua rau cov ntxhia chiv, xws li superphosphates. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm nitrogen thiab phosphorus yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub voj voog ntawm cov khoom thiab lub zog ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb, lawv tau siv rau hauv kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab lwm yam haujlwm.