Lub caij yttrium tau pom nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los no cov hlau mos mos no tau pom dav siv hauv ntau qhov chaw: chemistry, physics, computer technology, zog, tshuaj thiab lwm yam. Electronic formula of yttrium (atom): Y - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 1 5s 2.
Facts
Atomic naj npawb (tus naj npawb ntawm protons hauv lub nucleus): 39.
Atomic symbol (nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus): Y.
Atomic mass: 88, 906.
Khoom: yttrium melts ntawm 2772 degrees Fahrenheit (1522 degrees Celsius); boiling point - 6053 F (3345 ° C). Qhov ceev ntawm cov hlau yog 4.47 grams ib cubic centimeter. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ruaj khov lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv huab cua, nws yog them nrog ib tug oxide tiv thaiv zaj duab xis. Nyob rau hauv boiling dej, oxygen yog oxidized, nws reacts nrog minerals, acetic acids. Thaum rhuab, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom xws li halogens, hydrogen, nitrogen,sulfur thiab phosphorus.
Kev piav qhia
Cov tshuaj yttrium nyob rau hauv lub rooj zaum yog cov hlau hloov pauv. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog thiab tib lub sijhawm pliability, yog li qee qhov ntawm lawv, xws li tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee, tau siv dav rau cov hlau. Yttrium xov hlau thiab rods kuj siv nyob rau hauv electronics thiab hnub ci zog tsim. Yttrium kuj tseem siv nyob rau hauv lasers, ceramics, lub koob yees duab lo ntsiab muag thiab kaum ob ntawm lwm yam khoom.
Cov tshuaj yttrium kuj yog ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj. Txawm hais tias lub npe no, lawv muaj ntau heev thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Muaj 17 tus paub tag nrho.
Txawm li cas los xij, yttrium tsis tshua siv ntawm nws tus kheej. Feem ntau, nws yog siv los tsim cov tebchaw xws li yttrium, barium thiab tooj liab oxide. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, ib theem tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau hauv high-kub superconductivity tau qhib. Yttrium kuj tseem ntxiv rau cov hlau alloys txhawm rau txhim kho corrosion thiab oxidation tsis kam.
History
Nyob rau xyoo 1787, ib tug tub rog Swedish tub rog tub rog thiab ib nrab sijhawm kws tshuaj hu ua Carl Axel Arrhenius tau tshawb pom lub pob zeb dub txawv txawv thaum tshawb nrhiav lub chaw txua txiag zeb nyob ze Ytterby, lub nroog me me nyob ze lub nroog Sweden, Stockholm. Xav tias nws tau tshawb pom cov pob zeb tshiab uas muaj tungsten, Arrhenius xa ib qho qauv mus rau Johan Gadolin, Finnish mineralogist thiab chemist, rau kev tshuaj xyuas.
Gadolin cais cov tshuaj yttrium hauv cov pob zeb hauv av uas tau muab npe tom qab nwsgadolinite. Lub npe ntawm cov hlau tshiab, raws li, los ntawm Ytterby, qhov chaw ntawm nws nrhiav pom.
Xyoo 1843, Swedish chemist hu ua Carl Gustav Mosander kuaj cov qauv ntawm yttrium thiab pom tias lawv muaj peb oxides. Lub sijhawm ntawd lawv hu ua yttrium, erbium thiab terbium. Cov no tam sim no hu ua dawb yttrium oxide, daj terbium oxide, thiab liab erbium oxide, feem. Qhov thib plaub oxide, ytterbium oxide, tau txheeb xyuas xyoo 1878.
khoom
Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj yttrium tau pom hauv Scandinavia, nws muaj ntau dua nyob rau lwm lub tebchaws. Tuam Tshoj, Russia, Is Nrias teb, Malaysia thiab Australia yog nws cov neeg tsim khoom. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2018, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov tso nyiaj loj ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog yttrium, ntawm ib lub kob me me hauv Nyij Pooj hu ua Minamitori.
Nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov pob zeb tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis nws yeej tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb cov pob zeb ua ib qho chaw nyob ib leeg. Tib neeg lub cev kuj muaj cov khoom no hauv me me, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim siab, ob lub raum thiab pob txha.
Siv
Ua ntej lub sijhawm ntawm cov xov tooj cua tiaj tus, lawv muaj cov kab hluav taws xob cathode loj uas npaj cov duab mus rau ib qho screen. Yttrium oxide doped nrog europium muab cov xim liab.
Nws kuj tseem ntxiv rau zirconium oxide (zirconium dioxide) kom tau txais cov hlau uas ruaj khov rau tom kawg cov qauv siv lead ua, uas feem ntau hloov pauv hauv qab.kub.
Synthetic garnets ua los ntawm yttrium-aluminium composite tau muag ntau hauv xyoo 1970, tab sis lawv thiaj li muab txoj hauv kev rau zirconium. Niaj hnub no, lawv tau siv los ua cov khoom siv lead ua uas nthuav tawm lub teeb hauv kev lag luam lasers. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau siv rau cov lim dej microwave, nrog rau hauv radar thiab kev sib txuas lus thev naus laus zis.
Cov tshuaj yttrium yog dav siv rau kev tsim cov phosphorus. Lawv tau pom siv hauv xov tooj ntawm tes thiab cov ntxaij vab tshaus loj, nrog rau cov teeb fluorescent (linear thiab compact).
Cov xov tooj cua isotope yttrium-90 yog siv hauv kev kho hluav taws xob kho mob qog noj ntshav.
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog
Yttrium yooj yim dua thiab pheej yig dua los ua haujlwm nrog ntau dua lwm yam, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv nws es tsis txhob siv platinum kim dua los tsim cov roj hlwb. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Chalmers University of Technology thiab Technical University of Denmark tab tom siv nws nrog rau lwm yam hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb hauv daim ntawv nanoparticle, uas tuaj yeem muaj ib hnub tshem tawm qhov xav tau fossil fuels thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsheb roj teeb.
Tshawb nrhiav rau hauv yttrium-based superconductivity txuas ntxiv mus thoob ntiaj teb. Kev tawg tau ua, tshwj xeeb, hauv thaj chaw ntawm magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Physicist Paul Chu thiab nws pab neeg ntawm University of Houston tau tshawb pom tias ib qho chaw ntawm yttrium, barium, thiab tooj liab oxide (hu ua yttrium-123) tuaj yeem pab txhawb rausuperconductivity ntawm txog 300 degrees Fahrenheit (rho tawm 184.4 degrees Celsius). Lawv tau tsim cov khoom siv uas tuaj yeem ua kom txias nrog kua nitrogen, uas yuav txo tau tus nqi ntawm kev siv yav tom ntej ntawm superconductivity. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov peev txheej siv tseem tsis tau tshawb pom tag nrho.
