Sulfur compounds. Cov oxidation xeev ntawm sulfur hauv cov tebchaw. Sulfur compound formulas

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Cov pab pawg ntawm chalcogens suav nrog cov sulfur - qhov no yog qhov thib ob ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem tsim ntau cov ore deposits. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides thiab lwm yam sulfur compounds yog dav heev, tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam thiab xwm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav xav txog dab tsi lawv yog, dab tsi sulfur nws tus kheej yog, nws yooj yim tshuaj.

Sulfur thiab nws cov yam ntxwv

Lub caij no muaj txoj haujlwm hauv qab no hauv Lub Sijhawm Sijhawm.

1. pab pawg thib rau, pab pawg loj.
2. Peb lub sijhawm me me.
3. Atomic mass - 32, 064.
4. Ordinal tooj - 16, tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons thiab electrons, neutrons kuj 16.
5. Hais txog cov khoom tsis yog hlau.
6. Hauv cov qauv nws tau nyeem ua "es", lub npe ntawm cov khoom sulfur, Latin sulfur.

Muaj plaub qhov isotopes ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nrog cov lej loj 32, 33, 34 thiab 36. Cov khoom no yog qhov thib rau ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov xwm txheej. Hais txog cov ntsiab lus biogenic, vim nws yog ib feem ntawm cov organic tseem ceebmolecules.

Cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom

Sulfur compounds tshuav lawv qhov sib txawv rau qhov peculiarities ntawm cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom. Nws yog qhia los ntawm cov qauv hauv qab no: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s ² 3p⁴.

Qhov kev txiav txim tau qhia tsuas yog lub xeev nyob ruaj khov ntawm lub caij. Txawm li cas los xij, nws paub tias yog tias lub zog ntxiv tau muab tso rau hauv lub atom, ces cov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem raug depaired ntawm 3p thiab 3s sublevels, ua raws li lwm qhov kev hloov mus rau 3d, uas tseem dawb. Yog li ntawd, tsis tsuas yog lub valency ntawm lub atom hloov, tab sis kuj tag nrho cov muaj peev xwm oxidation xeev. Lawv cov naj npawb tau nce ntxiv, nrog rau cov naj npawb ntawm ntau yam tshuaj nrog kev koom tes ntawm leej faj.

Oxidation xeev ntawm sulfur hauv cov tebchaw

Muaj ntau ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas no. Rau sulfur nws yog:

• -2;
• +2;
• +4;
• +6.

Ntawm no, S⁺² yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, qhov seem tau tawg mus thoob qhov txhia chaw. Cov tshuaj lom neeg kev ua si thiab oxidizing muaj peev xwm ntawm tag nrho cov khoom nyob ntawm qhov degree ntawm oxidation ntawm sulfur hauv cov tebchaw. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov tebchaw nrog -2 yog sulfides. Nyob rau hauv lawv, lub caij peb tab tom txiav txim siab yog tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing.

Tus nqi siab dua ntawm lub xeev oxidation nyob rau hauv lub compound, qhov ntau pronounced lub peev xwm oxidizing ntawm cov khoom yuav. Qhov no yog ib qho yooj yim los xyuas yog tias peb nco qab ob lub ntsiab acids uas leej faj cov ntaub ntawv:

• H₂SO₃ - sulphurous;
• H₂SO₄ - sulfuric.

Nws paub tiastom kawg yog qhov ruaj khov dua, muaj zog sib xyaw ua ke, nrog lub peev xwm oxidizing muaj zog heev nyob rau hauv siab concentration.

Simple khoom

Raws li cov khoom siv yooj yim, sulfur yog daj zoo nkauj crystals ntawm txawm, tsis tu ncua, elongated zoo. Txawm hais tias qhov no tsuas yog ib qho ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv, vim tias muaj ob lub ntsiab allotropic hloov kho ntawm cov tshuaj no. Thawj, monoclinic lossis rhombic, yog lub cev daj crystalline uas tsis tuaj yeem yaj hauv dej, tab sis tsuas yog hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic xwb. Sib txawv ntawm fragility thiab ib tug zoo nkauj daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug crown. Melting point - txog 110⁰C.

Yog tias koj tsis nco lub sijhawm nruab nrab thaum cua sov xws li kev hloov kho, ces koj tuaj yeem ntes lwm lub xeev hauv lub sijhawm - yas sulfur. Nws yog cov kua roj hmab xim av nplaum, uas, tom qab cua sov ntxiv lossis txias sai, rov hloov mus rau hauv cov duab rhombic.

Yog tias peb tham txog cov tshuaj ntshiab sulfur uas tau txais los ntawm kev rov pom dua, ces nws yog lub teeb daj me me, tsis yooj yim thiab insoluble hauv dej. Muaj peev xwm ignite ntawm kev sib cuag nrog ya raws thiab oxygen hauv huab cua. Sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntau heev.

Nyob hauv ntuj

Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj cov khoom tso tawm los ntawm cov sulfur compounds tau muab rho tawm thiab sulfur nws tus kheej ua cov khoom yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, nwsmuaj:

• hauv cov zaub mov, ores thiab pob zeb;
• nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag thiab tib neeg, raws li nws yog ib feem ntawm ntau organic molecules;
• hauv cov pa roj, roj thiab thee;
• hauv roj shale thiab dej ntuj.

Ib co ntawm cov nplua nuj nyob hauv sulfur tuaj yeem hu ua:

• cinnabar;
• pyrite;
• sphalerite;
• antimonite;
• galena thiab lwm tus.

Feem ntau ntawm cov sulfur uas tsim hnub no mus rau kev tsim cov sulfate. Lwm qhov yog siv rau kev kho mob, kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov tshuaj.

Lub cev muaj zog

Lawv tuaj yeem piav nrog ntau lub ntsiab lus.

1. Insoluble hauv dej, soluble hauv carbon disulfide lossis turpentine.
2. Nrog kev sib txhuam ntev, khaws cov nqi tsis zoo.
3. Melting point yog 110 ⁰ C.
4. Boiling Point 190 ⁰C.
5. Thaum txog 300 ⁰C hloov ua kua, yooj yim txawb.
6. Cov khoom ntshiab tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab tau zoo heev.
7. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, nws tau xyaum tsis hnov tsw, txawm li cas los xij, hydrogen sulfur compounds emit ib tug ntse tsw ntawm cov qe lwj. Zoo li qee tus neeg sawv cev gaseous binary.

Lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug tau paub rau tib neeg txij li thaum ub. Nws yog rau nws combustibility uas sulfur tau txais nws lub npe. Hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, kev ua pa nyuaj thiab cov pa phem tau siv, uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm no compound, xws liriam phom tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kua qaub uas muaj leej faj kuj tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam.

tshuaj muaj zog

Ntsiab lus: "Sulfur thiab nws cov ntsiab lus" hauv chav kawm chemistry hauv tsev kawm tsis siv ib qho kev qhia, tab sis ob peb. Tom qab tag nrho, muaj ntau ntawm lawv. Qhov no yog vim muaj tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom no. Nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm ob qho tib si oxidizing zog nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm txo qis (hlau, boron, thiab lwm yam), thiab txo cov khoom uas tsis yog-hlau.

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog kev cuam tshuam nrog fluorine tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj. Tag nrho lwm tus xav tau cua sov. Muaj ntau pawg ntawm cov tshuaj uas leej faj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam:

• metals;
• non-metals;
• alkali;
• muaj zog oxidizing acids - sulfuric thiab nitric.

Sulfur compounds: ntau yam

Lawv qhov sib txawv yuav raug piav qhia los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntawm oxidation lub xeev ntawm lub ntsiab - leej faj. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm ntau hom tshuaj ntawm lub hauv paus no:

• cov khoom nrog oxidation xeev -2;
• +4;
• +6.

Yog tias peb xav txog cov chav kawm, thiab tsis yog qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas, ces cov khoom no tsim cov molecules xws li:

• acids;
• oxides;
• hydrogen sulfur compounds;
• ntsev;
• binary compounds nrog cov tsis yog hlau (carbon disulfide, chlorides);
• organic teeb meem.

Tam sim no cia peb saib cov ntsiab lus thiab muab piv txwv.

Cov khoom nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm -2

Sulfur compounds 2 yog nws qhov kev sib haum nrog cov hlau, nrog rau:

• carbon;
• hydrogen;

phosphorus

• silicon;
• arsenic;
• boron.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws ua raws li ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev, vim hais tias tag nrho cov uas teev muaj ntau electropositive. Cia peb saib qee qhov tseem ceeb dua.

1. Carbon disulfide - CS₂. Cov kua pob tshab nrog cov yam ntxwv qab ntxiag aroma ntawm ether. Nws yog toxic, flammable thiab tawg. Nws yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj rau ntau hom roj, rog, tsis yog hlau, nyiaj nitrate, resins thiab roj hmab. Nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv dag zog - viscose. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, nws yog synthesized nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau.
2. Hydrogen sulfide lossis hydrogen sulfide - H₂S. Cov roj tsis muaj xim nrog lub qab zib. Qhov tsw yog ntse, tsis kaj siab heev, reminiscent ntawm lub qe rot. Poisonous, depresses qhov chaw ua pa, raws li nws khi tooj liab ions. Yog li ntawd, thaum lom los ntawm lawv, suffocation thiab tuag tshwm sim. Siv dav hauv tshuaj, organic synthesis, sulfuric acid ntau lawm, thiab ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob.
3. Hlau sulfides tau siv dav hauv tshuaj, hauv kev tsim cov sulfate, hauv kev tsim cov xim, hauv kev tsim cov phosphor thiab lwm qhov chaw. General formula is Me_xS_y.

Compounds nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm +4

Sulfur compounds 4 -Nws yog feem ntau yog oxide thiab nws cov ntsev thiab cov kua qaub. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov sib txuas ncaj ncees uas muaj ib qho txiaj ntsig hauv kev lag luam. Lawv tuaj yeem ua raws li oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, tab sis ntau zaus lawv nthuav tawm cov khoom txo qis.

Cov qauv rau cov tshuaj sulfur nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm +4 yog raws li hauv qab no:

• oxide - sulfur dioxide SO₂;
• acid - sulfurous H₂SO₃;
• s alts muaj cov qauv dav dav Me _x (SO ₃) y.

Ib qho ntawm feem ntau yog sulfur dioxide, lossis anhydride. Nws yog ib yam khoom uas tsis muaj xim nrog qhov tsw ntawm qhov sib tw hlawv. Tsim nyob rau hauv pawg loj thaum lub sij hawm volcanic eruptions, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los txheeb xyuas los ntawm tsw thaum lub sij hawm no.

Dissolub hauv dej nrog tsim kom yooj yim decomposing acid - sulfurous. Nws coj zoo li cov kua qaub oxide, tsim cov ntsev, uas suav nrog SO₃^2- ua sulfite ion. Cov anhydride no yog cov roj tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau cov pa phem ntawm ib puag ncig. Qhov no yog qhov ua rau acid nag. Hauv kev lag luam, nws yog siv hauv kev tsim cov sulphate.

Cov tshuaj uas leej faj muaj lub xeev oxidation ntawm +6

Cov no suav nrog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, sulfuric anhydride thiab sulfuric acid nrog lawv cov ntsev:

• sulfates;

Yhydrosulfates.

Vim cov sulfur atom hauv lawv yog nyob rau hauv qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm oxidation, cov khoom ntawm cov tebchaw no nkag siab heev. Lawv yog cov muaj zog oxidizers.

Sulfur oxide (VI) - sulfuric anhydride - yog ibvolatile colorless kua. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature yog ib tug muaj zog noo noo nqus peev xwm. Cov pa luam yeeb sab nraum zoov. Thaum yaj hauv dej, nws muab ib qho ntawm cov ntxhia pob zeb muaj zog tshaj plaws - sulfuric. Nws cov concentrated tov yog hnyav oily me ntsis yellowish kua. Yog hais tias cov anhydride yog yaj nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid, ces ib tug tshwj xeeb compound hu ua oleum yuav tau. Nws yog siv industrially hauv kev tsim cov kua qaub.

Nrog cov ntsev - sulfates - cov tebchaw xws li:

• gypsum CaSO₄2H₂O;
• barite BaSO₄;
• mirabilite;
• txhuas sulfate thiab lwm yam.

Lawv siv rau hauv kev tsim kho, tshuaj synthesis, tshuaj, tsim khoom siv kho qhov muag thiab tsom iav, thiab txawm tias kev lag luam khoom noj.

Hydrosulfates tau dav siv hauv metallurgy, qhov twg lawv siv los ua cov dej ntws. Thiab lawv kuj pab hloov ntau cov oxides nyuaj rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv soluble sulfate, uas yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam sib xws.

Kev kawm ntawm sulfur hauv tsev kawm chemistry chav kawm

Thaum twg yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws rau cov menyuam kawm paub txog dab tsi sulfur yog dab tsi, nws yog dab tsi, dab tsi yog sulfur compound? Qib 9 yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov no tsis yog qhov pib, thaum txhua yam tshiab thiab tsis nkag siab rau cov menyuam yaus. Qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab hauv kev tshawb fawb txog tshuaj lom neeg, thaum lub hauv paus tau muab tso ua ntej yuav pab kom nkag siab txog lub ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib nrab xyoo kawm tiav uas tau muab faib rau kev txiav txim siab txog cov teeb meem no.chav kawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov ncauj lus tau muab faib ua ob peb ntu, uas muaj cov lus qhia cais "Sulfur compounds. Qib 9".

Qhov no yog vim lawv cov nplua nuj. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam tsim cov sulfuric acid kuj yog txiav txim siab cais. Feem ntau, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 3 teev raug faib rau lub ncauj lus no.

Tab sis cov organic sulfur compounds raug coj tawm rau kev kawm tsuas yog hauv qib 10, thaum cov teeb meem organic raug txiav txim siab. Lawv kuj raug cuam tshuam hauv biology hauv high school. Tom qab tag nrho, sulfur yog ib feem ntawm cov organic molecules xws li:

• thioalcohols (thiols);
• proteins (tertiary qauv ntawm uas disulfide txuas hniav);
• thioaldehydes;

Ythiophenols;

• thioethers;
• sulfonic acids;
• sulfoxides thiab lwm yam.

Lawv raug cais raws li ib pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm organosulfur compounds. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem lom neeg nyob, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, sulfonic acids yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yam tshuaj (aspirin, sulfanilamide lossis streptocide).

Tsis tas li ntawd, sulfur yog ib qho khoom noj tas li ntawm cov tebchaw xws li qee qhov:

Yamino acids;

enzymes;

Vitamins Vitamin

hormones