Iron compounds. Hlau: lub cev thiab tshuaj muaj zog

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 17:48

thawj cov khoom ua los ntawm hlau thiab nws cov alloys tau pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb thiab rov qab mus txog li 4 xyoo txhiab BC. Ntawd yog, txawm tias cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub thiab Sumerians siv cov pob zeb me me ntawm cov khoom no los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab khoom siv hauv tsev, nrog rau riam phom.

Hnub no, ntau hom hlau sib txuas, nrog rau cov hlau ntshiab, yog cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws thiab siv. Tsis xav tias lub xyoo pua 20th tau suav tias yog hlau. Tom qab tag nrho, ua ntej lub advent thiab dav siv ntawm yas thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv, nws yog ib tug compound uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tib neeg. Cov khoom no yog dab tsi thiab cov tshuaj nws tsim, peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no.

tshuaj lom neeg hlau

Yog tias peb xav txog cov qauv ntawm lub atom, ces ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov peb yuav tsum qhia nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub periodic system.

1. Ordinal number - 26.
2. Lub sijhawm yog plaub loj.
3. yim pab pawg, pab pawg thib ob.
4. Atomic hnyav yog 55, 847.
5. Cov qauv ntawm lub plhaub sab nraud yog qhia los ntawm cov qauv 3d ⁶ 4s^2.
6. Tshuaj lom neeg cim - Fe.
7. Npe - hlau, nyeem hauvformula - "ferrum"..
8. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj plaub lub isotopes ruaj khov ntawm lub ntsiab lus nug nrog cov lej 54, 56, 57, 58.

Cov tshuaj lom neeg hlau kuj muaj txog 20 qhov sib txawv isotopes uas tsis ruaj khov. Muaj peev xwm oxidation hais tias lub atom no tuaj yeem pom:

• 0;
• +2;
• +3;
• +6.

Tsis yog lub ntsiab lus nws tus kheej tseem ceeb, tab sis nws kuj muaj ntau yam sib txuas thiab alloys.

Lub cev muaj zog

Raws li cov khoom siv yooj yim, hlau muaj lub cev muaj zog nrog kev hais lus metallicity. Ntawd yog, nws yog xim dawb-dawb hlau nrog grey tint, uas muaj cov qib siab ntawm ductility thiab ductility thiab siab melting thiab boiling point. Yog tias peb xav txog cov yam ntxwv hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv, ces:

• melting point - 1539 0С;
• boil - 2862 0C;
• kev ua - nruab nrab;
• refractory - siab;
• shows pronounced magnetic properties.

Raws li cov xwm txheej thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, muaj ntau qhov kev hloov kho uas cov ntaub ntawv hlau. Lawv lub cev muaj zog txawv ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov siv lead ua lattices txawv.

1. Daim ntawv alpha, lossis ferrite, tshwm sim txog qhov kub ntawm 769 0C.
2. From 769 to 917 0C - beta form.
3. 917-1394 0 С - gamma daim ntawv, lossis austenite.
4. Over 1394 0S - sigma iron.

Txhua qhov kev hloov kho muajntau hom qauv ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua lattices, thiab kuj txawv ntawm cov khoom sib nqus.

tshuaj muaj zog

Raws li tau hais los saum no, cov khoom siv hlau yooj yim nthuav tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg nruab nrab. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib cais zoo, nws tuaj yeem ignite spontaneously nyob rau hauv huab cua, thaum lub hlau nws tus kheej hlawv tawm nyob rau hauv ntshiab oxygen.

Corrosion peev xwm yog siab, yog li cov alloys ntawm cov khoom no yog coated nrog alloying compounds. Hlau muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog:

• acids;
• oxygen (xws li cua);
• grey;
• halogens;
• thaum cua sov - nrog nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon thiab silicon;
• nrog ntsev ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj zog, txo lawv mus rau cov khoom yooj yim;
• nrog chav nyob;
• nrog hlau ntsev hauv oxidation xeev +3.

Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias, qhia cov haujlwm zoo li no, cov hlau muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau lub tebchaw, muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab polar hauv cov khoom. Thiab yog li ntawd nws tshwm sim. Hlau thiab nws cov tebchaw muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab siv nyob rau hauv ntau ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb, technology, industrial human act.

Spread in nature

Natural hlau tebchaw muaj ntau heev, vim hais tias nws yog qhov thib ob ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv peb ntiaj chaw tom qab txhuas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv, cov hlau tsis tshua muaj heev, ua ib feem ntawm cov meteorites, uas qhia txog nws cov khoom loj hauv qhov chaw. Lub ntsiab loj yog muaj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ores, pob zeb thiab minerals.

Yogtham txog qhov feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug hauv qhov xwm txheej, ces cov duab hauv qab no tuaj yeem muab tau.

1. Lub cores ntawm lub ntiaj teb av - 90%.
2. Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb crust - 5%.
3. Nyob hauv ntiaj teb lub mantle - 12%.
4. Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb - 86%.
5. Nyob hauv dej - 2 mg/l.
6. Hauv hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv - 0.02 mg / l.

Cov hlau ntau tshaj plaws tsim cov ntxhia hauv qab no:

• magnetite;
• limonite lossis xim av hlau;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• pyrite;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• llingite;
• Muaj;
• milterite thiab lwm tus.

Ntawm no yog nyob deb ntawm daim ntawv teev tag nrho, vim tias muaj ntau heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau yam alloys uas tsim los ntawm tib neeg yog dav. Cov no kuj yog cov hlau sib txuas, tsis muaj qhov nyuaj rau kev xav txog lub neej niaj hnub ntawm tib neeg. Cov no suav nrog ob hom tseem ceeb:

• cam khwb cia hlau;
• steel.

Nws tseem yog hlau uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv rau ntau cov nickel alloys.

Iron(II) compounds

Cov no suav nrog cov uas lub xeev oxidation ntawm cov khoom tsim yog +2. Lawv muaj ntau heev, vim lawv suav nrog:

• oxide;
• Yhydroxide;
• binary compounds;
• ntsev ntsev;
• complex compounds.

Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke uas cov hlau qhia txog qib ntawm oxidation yog tus kheej rau txhua chav kawm. Xav txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv.

1. Iron oxide (II). Cov hmoov dub, insoluble hauv dej. Qhov xwm ntawm kev sib txuas yog qhov yooj yim. Nws muaj peev xwm oxidize sai sai, txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tuaj yeem txo tau yooj yim rau cov khoom siv yooj yim. Nws dissolves nyob rau hauv acids los tsim cov ntsev coj. Formula - FeO.
2. Iron(II) hydroxide. Nws yog dawb amorphous precipitate. Tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntsev nrog cov hauv paus (alkalis). Nws qhia tau hais tias tsis muaj zog hauv paus zog, muaj peev xwm sai sai oxidize nyob rau hauv huab cua rau hlau tebchaw +3. Formula - Fe(OH)_2.
3. Ntshav ntawm ib lub caij hauv lub xeev oxidation. Raws li txoj cai, lawv muaj xim daj ntseg ntsuab ntawm cov tshuaj, oxidize zoo txawm nyob rau hauv huab cua, kis ib tug tsaus xim av xim thiab tig mus rau hauv hlau ntsev 3. Lawv yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Piv txwv: FeCL₂, FeSO₄, Fe(NO₃)_2.

Tus nqi siv tau ntawm cov tshuaj raug xaiv muaj ntau lub tebchaw. Ua ntej, hlau (II) chloride. Qhov no yog tus xa khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ions rau tib neeg lub cev nrog ntshav ntshav. Thaum xws li ib tug mob yog kuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg mob, nws yog muab tshuaj complex npaj, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov lus nug. Qhov no yog li cas hlau deficiency nyob rau hauv lub cev yog ntxiv.

Thib ob, ferrous sulfate, uas yog, hlau (II) sulfate, ua ke nrog tooj liab yog siv los rhuav tshem cov kab mob ua liaj ua teb hauv cov qoob loo. Txoj kev tau ua pov thawj nws cov txiaj ntsig tau ntau tshaj kaum xyoo, yog li nws tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov neeg ua teb thiab cov neeg ua teb.

Mora S alt

Qhov kev sib txuas nouas yog hydrated hlau thiab ammonium sulfate. Nws cov qauv sau ua FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄ 6H_{2O. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom sib txuas ntawm hlau (II), uas yog siv dav hauv kev xyaum. Cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg siv yog raws li hauv qab no.}

1. Tshuaj.
2. Kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb thiab kev soj ntsuam titrimetric (rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm chromium, potassium permanganate, vanadium).
3. Tshuaj - ua ib qho ntxiv rau cov khoom noj uas tsis muaj hlau nyob hauv tus neeg mob lub cev.
4. Rau impregnation ntawm cov khoom ntoo, raws li Mora ntsev tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem lwj.

Muaj lwm qhov chaw uas siv cov tshuaj no. Nws tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm German chemist uas xub pom pom cov khoom.

Tshuaj nrog hlau (III) oxidation xeev

Cov khoom ntawm cov hlau sib txuas, uas nws nthuav tawm lub xeev oxidation ntawm +3, txawv me ntsis ntawm cov uas tau tham saum toj no. Yog li, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov oxide thiab hydroxide sib xws tsis yog qhov yooj yim, tab sis tshaj tawm amphoteric. Cia peb piav qhia txog cov khoom tseem ceeb.

1. Iron oxide (III). Cov hmoov yog nplua-crystalline, liab-xim av xim. Nws tsis yaj hauv dej, nthuav tawm me ntsis acidic, ntau amphoteric zog. Formula: Fe₂O_3.
2. Iron(III) hydroxide. Ib yam khoom uas precipitates thaum alkalis react nrog cov hlau ntsev. Nws lub cim yog pronounced amphoteric, xim yog xim av-xim av. Formula: Fe(OH)_3.
3. Ntshav, uas suav nrog cation Fe³⁺. Ntau ntawm cov no tau raug cais tawm, tshwj tsis yog cov carbonate, txij li hydrolysis tshwm sim thiab carbon dioxide raug tso tawm. Piv txwv ntawm cov qauv rau qee cov ntsev: Fe(NO₃)₃, Fe₂(SO 4₎3_{, FeCL}3, _FeBr3 _{thiab lwm yam.}

Ntawm cov piv txwv saum toj no, los ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov pom, xws li crystalline hydrate li FeCL₃6H_{2O, los yog hlau chloride hexahydrate tseem ceeb (III). Nws yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj kom tsis txhob los ntshav thiab ntxiv cov hlau ions hauv lub cev thaum muaj ntshav liab.}

Iron(III) sulfate 9-hydrate yog siv los ntxuav cov dej haus raws li nws ua raws li coagulant.

Iron(VI) compounds

Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau, qhov twg nws nthuav tawm lub xeev oxidation tshwj xeeb ntawm +6, tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no:

• K₂FeO_4;
• Na₂FeO_4;
• MgFeO_{4 thiab lwm tus.}

Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj lub npe sib xws - ferrates - thiab muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws (cov neeg ua haujlwm txo qis). Lawv kuj tuaj yeem tua kab mob thiab muaj cov kab mob bactericidal. Qhov no tso cai rau lawv siv rau kev kho cov dej haus ntawm kev lag luam.

Complex compounds

Cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb heev hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry thiab tsis yog xwb. Cov uas tsim nyob rau hauv aqueous daws ntawm ntsev. Cov no yog cov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hlau. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws thiab tshawb fawb tau zoo yog cov hauv qab no.

1. Potassium hexacyanoferrate (II)K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. Lwm lub npe rau lub compound yog daj ntshav ntsev. Nws yog siv rau kev txiav txim zoo ntawm Fe³⁺ hlau ion hauv kev daws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim, cov tshuaj tau txais cov xim xiav zoo nkauj, txij li lwm txoj hauv kev tsim - Prussian xiav KFe³⁺[Fe²⁺ (CN) _{6]. Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, nws tau siv los ua cov xim rau ntaub.}
2. Potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. Lwm lub npe yog ntshav liab ntsev. Siv raws li qhov zoo reagent rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm hlau ion Fe^{2+. Yog li ntawd, ib tug xiav precipitate yog tsim, uas yog hu ua Turnbull xiav. Kuj tseem siv los ua ntaub dye.}

Iron in organic teeb meem

Hlau thiab nws cov tebchaw, raws li peb tau pom, yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau qhov no, nws lub luag haujlwm lom neeg hauv lub cev tsis muaj tsawg dua, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws.

Muaj ib qho tseem ceeb heev organic compound, protein, uas suav nrog cov khoom no. Qhov no yog hemoglobin. Nws yog ua tsaug rau nws tias oxygen yog thauj thiab sib xws thiab hloov pauv roj raws sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm ntawm hlau hauv cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb - ua pa - tsuas yog loj.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tib neeg lub cev muaj li 4 grams hlau, uas yuav tsum tau tas li ntxiv los ntawm cov zaub mov noj.