Nitrogen yog ib yam tshuaj muaj npe nrov, uas yog sau los ntawm tsab ntawv N. Cov khoom no, tej zaum, yog lub hauv paus ntawm inorganic chemistry, nws pib kawm kom meej hauv qib 8. Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav xav txog cov tshuaj no, nrog rau nws cov khoom thiab hom.
History of the discovery of a chemical element
Nitrogen yog ib lub ntsiab lus uas yog thawj zaug qhia los ntawm tus kws tshuaj Fabkis nto moo Antoine Lavoisier. Tab sis ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tsam rau lub npe ntawm tus neeg nrhiav pom nitrogen, ntawm lawv yog Henry Cavendish, Karl Scheele, Daniel Rutherford.
Henry Cavendish raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sim yog thawj zaug cais cov tshuaj lom neeg, tab sis tsis nkag siab tias nws tau txais cov tshuaj yooj yim. Nws tau tshaj tawm nws qhov kev paub dhau los rau Joseph Priestley, uas kuj tau kawm ntau yam. Tej zaum, Priestley kuj tau tswj kom cais cov ntsiab lus no, tab sis tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab tias nws tau txais dab tsi, yog li nws tsis tsim nyog rau lub npe ntawm tus neeg nrhiav pom. Karl Scheele tau ua tib yam kev tshawb fawb tib lub sijhawm, tab sis tsis tuaj txog qhov tseeb.
Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Daniel Rutherford tswj tsis tau tsuas yog kom tau nitrogen, tab sis kujpiav qhia nws, tshaj tawm cov lus tshaj tawm, thiab hais txog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub caij. Tab sis txawm Rutherford tsis nkag siab qhov nws tau txais. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog tus uas suav tias yog tus neeg nrhiav pom, vim nws yog tus nyob ze tshaj plaws rau kev daws.
Keeb kwm ntawm lub npe nitrogen
Los ntawm Greek "nitrogen" yog txhais ua "lifeless". Nws yog Lavoisier uas tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov cai ntawm nomenclature thiab txiav txim siab rau npe lub caij ntawd. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, txhua yam uas paub txog cov khoom no yog tias nws tsis txhawb kev sib txuas lossis ua pa tawm. Yog li ntawd, lub npe no tau txais.
Hauv Latin, nitrogen hu ua "nitrogenium", uas txhais tau tias "muab yug rau ntsev". Los ntawm cov lus Latin, lub npe ntawm nitrogen tau tshwm sim - tsab ntawv N. Tab sis lub npe nws tus kheej tsis tau pib hauv ntau lub tebchaws.
Element abundance
Nitrogen yog kab tias yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus feem ntau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, nws nyob qib plaub hauv kev nplua nuj. Lub caij tseem muaj nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci cua, ntawm cov ntiaj chaw Uranus thiab Neptune. Cov huab cua ntawm Titan, Pluto thiab Triton yog tsim los ntawm nitrogen. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub ntiaj teb huab cua muaj 78-79 feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj no.
Nitrogen ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj qab haus huv, vim tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev muaj nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Txawm tias tib neeg lub cev muaj 2 mus rau 3 feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj no. Ib feem ntawm chlorophyll, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids.
kuanitrogen
Cov kua nitrogen yog cov kua tsis muaj xim tsis muaj pob tshab, yog ib lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Cov kua nitrogen yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam, kev tsim kho thiab tshuaj. Nws yog siv rau hauv khov ntawm cov khoom siv organic, cov khoom siv txias, thiab hauv cov tshuaj rau kev tshem tawm cov warts (cov tshuaj zoo nkauj).
Cov kua nitrogen tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis tawg.
Molecular nitrogen
Molecular nitrogen yog ib yam khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm peb ntiaj chaw thiab tsim ib feem ntawm nws. Cov mis rau molecular nitrogen yog N2. Xws li nitrogen reacts nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj los yog tshuaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv high kub.
Lub cev muaj zog
Raws li cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, cov khoom siv tshuaj nitrogen yog cov roj uas tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis muaj xim, thiab xyaum tsis soluble hauv dej. Cov kua nitrogen hauv nws qhov sib xws zoo li dej, nws kuj yog pob tshab thiab tsis muaj xim. Nitrogen muaj lwm lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, ntawm qhov kub hauv qab -210 degrees nws hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom, tsim ntau cov pob zeb loj-dawb. Absorbs oxygen los ntawm huab cua.
tshuaj muaj zog
Nitrogen belongs rau pab pawg ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab txais cov khoom los ntawm lwm cov tshuaj los ntawm pab pawg no. Feem ntau, cov hlau tsis yog hlau tsis zoo conductors ntawm hluav taws xob. Nitrogen tsim ntau yam oxides, xws li TSIS MUAJ (monoxide). TSIS MUAJ los yog nitric oxide yog cov leeg nqaij so (ib yam khoom uas ua rau cov leeg tsis muaj kev phom sij lossis lwm yam cuam tshuam rautib neeg lub cev). Oxides uas muaj ntau cov nitrogen atoms, xws li N2O, yog cov nkev luag nrog lub qab zib me ntsis uas yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ua tshuaj loog. Txawm li cas los xij, oxide TSIS TAU2 tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog thawj ob, vim tias nws yog cov pa pa phem uas pom muaj nyob hauv cov pa hauv tsheb thiab ua rau huab cua phem heev.
Nitric acid, uas yog tsim los ntawm hydrogen, nitrogen thiab peb oxygen atoms, yog ib tug muaj zog acid. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov chiv, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, organic synthesis, tub rog kev lag luam (kev tsim cov explosives, foob pob ua ntxaij roj thiab cov synthesis ntawm tshuaj lom), zus tau tej cov dyes, tshuaj, thiab lwm yam. Nitric acid yog heev teeb meem rau lub tib neeg lub cev, tawm hauv rwj thiab tshuaj lom neeg seem ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Tib neeg yuam kev ntseeg tias carbon dioxide yog nitrogen. Qhov tseeb, vim nws cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, lub ntsiab lus tsuas yog qee qhov me me ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv ib txwm muaj. Thiab carbon dioxide yog carbon monoxide.
Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg
Nitrogen hauv cov kua hauv lub xeev yog siv tshuaj rau kev kho mob khaub thuas (cryotherapy), nrog rau kev ua noj ua lub tub yees.
Lub ntsiab lus no kuj tau pom cov ntawv thov dav hauv kev lag luam. Nitrogen yog cov roj uas tawg thiab hluav taws tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tiv thaiv rotting thiab oxidation. Tam sim no nitrogen tau siv hauv mines los tsim qhov chaw tawg-pov thawj. Gaseous nitrogen yog siv nyob rau hauv petrochemistry.
Nyob hauv tshuajkev lag luam tsis muaj nitrogen yog qhov nyuaj heev los ua. Nws yog siv rau cov synthesis ntawm ntau yam tshuaj thiab tebchaw, xws li ib co chiv, ammonia, explosives, dyes. Tam sim no ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm nitrogen yog siv rau synthesis ntawm ammonia.
Cov tshuaj no tau sau npe ua khoom noj khoom haus hauv kev lag luam khoom noj.
sib tov los yog cov khoom ntshiab?
Txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, uas tau tswj kom cais cov tshuaj lom neeg, xav tias nitrogen yog sib xyaw. Tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm cov tswv yim no.
Ib yam khoom ntshiab muaj tag nrho cov khoom tsis tu ncua, xws li muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Ib qho sib tov yog ib qho sib xyaw uas suav nrog ob lossis ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg.
Tam sim no peb paub tias nitrogen yog cov khoom ntshiab vim nws yog tshuaj lom neeg.
Thaum kawm chemistry, nws tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab tias nitrogen yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam chemistry. Nws tsim ntau lub tebchaw uas peb txhua tus ntsib, suav nrog cov roj nkev, roj av xim av, ammonia, thiab nitric acid. Tsis xav tsis thoob chemistry hauv tsev kawm ntawv pib qhov tseeb nrog kev kawm txog cov tshuaj xws li nitrogen.
