Hauv daim ntawv sau ntawv, cov menyuam kawm ntawv niaj hnub raug caw los sau cov ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Xeev hauv Lavxias thiab cov ntawv nyeem, thiab cov tuam txhab feem ntau muaj kev sib tw ntawm cov haujlwm zoo sib xws los nrhiav cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm yog qee yam tsis sib xws rau cov hom phiaj. Tab sis yuav tsum yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum xeem dhau qhov kev xeem, thiab ib qho ntxiv ntawm cov ncauj lus no yuav tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg.
Ib yam thiab xav
Tsis tsawg, tab sis 435 xyoo dhau los Montaigne tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm hom ntawv sau. Cov poj koob yawm txwv Latin ntawm lo lus no tau txhais ua "hnyav", thiab lo lus Fab Kis uas tuaj rau hauv Lavxias muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus: nws yog siv thaum nws los txog rau kev sau ntawv, kos duab, kev sim, qee qhov kev paub, thiab txawm tias kev sim. Thaj, tom kawg tau txiav txim siab tias hom ntawv sau tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv tsev kawm ntawv: sau ntawv-sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lossis lus Lavxias.
Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov tseeb txhais ntawm hom no yog muab nyob rau hauv cov kev lig kev cai parodic - "zoo thiab ib yam dab tsi." Irony nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ntau tshaj qhov tsim nyog, txij li thaum nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom zoo dua lub npe ib tug me me prose ua hauj lwm yam tsis muaj muaj pes tsawg leeg,raws li kev xav thiab kev paub ntawm tus kheej nkaus xwb, thiab tsis lees tias yog qhov kev piav qhia tag nrho ntawm cov ncauj lus.
Txoj kev ywj pheej hauv kev nthuav qhia cov khoom siv thiab qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm tus kheej qhia tau ua rau cov ntawv sau npe nrov tsis yog los ntsuas kev paub thiab kev txawj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, tab sis kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv kev xaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm rau ntau lub koom haum. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sim no pab cov tswv ntiav neeg ua haujlwm uas xav pom cov neeg xav tias muaj tswv yim thiab muaj kev xav hauv lawv pab neeg. Yog li ntawd, txhua leej txhua tus yuav tsum kawm sau ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Cov piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau zoo yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig yav tom ntej.
Txoj kev qhia tus kheej
Sau ib tsab ntawv txhim kho kev xav thiab kev txawj sau ntawv los piav qhia txog kev paub dhau los thiab sib cav cov lus xaus. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm hom no:
- kev txiav txim siab thoob plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho teeb meem lossis ib lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb; yuav tsis muaj kev tsom xam txog cov teeb meem dav ntawm no;
- cov ntawv nyeem yog raws li kev paub ntawm tus kheej thiab kev xav, yog li kev txhais lus tag nrho ntawm lub ncauj lus tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau; Cov lus xaus tuaj yeem hu ua tus neeg txiav txim siab;
- ib qho kev sau ntawv-kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhia ib lo lus tshiab rau txhua qhov laj thawj, thiab, txawm tias cov xim xim, qhov xwm txheej ntawm txoj haujlwm no tuaj yeem sib txawv (keeb kwm thiab biographical, philosophical, ntawv tseeb, sau ntawv thuam, sau xov xwm, nrov science);
- qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm hom no yog tus cwj pwm ntawm tus sau; cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum ua raws li nws txoj kev xav, kev xav, kev xav hauv ntiaj teb.
TshuajFeatures
Tau kawg, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem thov kom ua raws li txhua yam cim ntawm ib hom ntawv los ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv tsev kawm, tab sis nws yuav tsis mob kom paub lawv.
1. Conditionally ntim me me. Hauv kev sau ntawv, nws tuaj yeem ua los ntawm nplooj ntawv mus rau ntau lub kaum os. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm Lavxias teb sab universities, mus txog 10 A4 typing nplooj ntawv raug tso cai, thiab, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Harvard, koj yuav tsis tau tshaj ob. 300 lo lus yuav txaus ua haujlwm thaum xeem dhau.
2. Kev ua vaj tse. Nws yog txaus los xav txog ib qho teeb meem hauv kev ua haujlwm los sau ib tsab ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov piv txwv yuav tsum txhawb nqa lub tswv yim uas tau nthuav tawm, uas yuav tsim kev sib koom siab sab hauv.
3. Kev sib tham nrog ib tug phooj ywg. Qhov no yog raws nraim li tus sau ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem yuav tsum xav txog, thiab tom qab ntawd nws yuav yooj yim dua kom tsis txhob muaj kev nruj lossis kev cob qhia lub suab, nyuaj, tsis meej pem kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb ib hom ntawv, cov ntawv sau zoo tsuas yog sau los ntawm ib tus neeg uas muaj lub ntsiab lus, thiab muab tias nws tseem ceeb rau tus sau.
4. Paradoxical. Kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus sib koom ua ke, lub aphorism ntawm cov lus thiab cov ntsiab lus, tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim los ntawm ib sab tsis tau xav txog - qhov no yog qhov muaj nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm cov tswv uas ua rau cov neeg nyeem xav tsis thoob txhua lub sijhawm thiab ua rau lawv xav.
5. Tsis muaj lub moj khaum formal. Hom ntawv no tsis yog raws li kev xav, txhua yam ntawm no yog raws li kev koom tes. Tab sis lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "txhua yam yog lwm txoj hauv kev" kuj yuav tsum tau kawm, yog li tsev kawm ntawv sau ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv, piv txwv li, yog xav tau, nrhiav tau thiab nyeem, tseem yog me ntsis tswj.
6. Kev sib tham xov xwm. Thaum qhia tus nyeem ntawv ua phooj ywg, ib tus yuav tsum hais lus yooj yim, tab sis yuav tsum ceev faj ntawm lub suab tsis meej. Cov kab lus template, slang, abbreviated lo lus kuj tsis tsim nyog. Nws yuav tsum yog hom lus ntawm kev kub siab los qhia koj cov kev xav.
School Essay Structure
Ua ntej pib ua haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub ncauj lus uas nyob ze rau lub xeev sab hauv ntawm tus sau. Thiab tseem teem koj tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau ntawv: dab tsi yuav hais tshiab thiaj li ua tiav txoj haujlwm ntawm kev sau ntawv - kom nyiam mloog. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los kwv yees tam sim qhov xav tau ntim.
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov haujlwm ntawm hom no tsis muaj qhov nruj lossis yuav tsum muaj kev sib xyaw - kev ywj pheej thiab kev sib tw ntawm kev xav tau suav tias yog. Tab sis, hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau them nyiaj rau lub neej me me thiab kev paub txog cov tub ntxhais hluas. Tau kawg, lawv xav tau kev txhawb nqa, cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, yog li nws zoo dua rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv los muab cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv xav tau:
– Cov ntsiab lus (kev xav ntawm tus kheej) feem ntau yog muab tso ua ntej.
– Cov lus sib cav (cov pov thawj) txhawb kev xav ntawm tus sau. Raws li kev sib cav, koj tuaj yeem siv qhov tseeb paub, xwm txheej, tshwm sim ntawm pej xeem lub neej; tso siab rau tus kheej kev paub lossis kev pom zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab txheeb cais; xa mus rau kev sau ntawv. Qhov zoo ntawm cov lus sib cav yog ob.
– Kev taw qhia yog tsom rau qhov teeb meem uas yuav tau tham.
– Lus xaus - tus sau tus kheej lub tswv yim ntawm qhov teeb meem no.
Yuav kom tswj tau tus qauv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum faib cov kab lus kom raug. Tsis txhob hnov qab tias hom ntawv sau hauv cov ntawv nyeem yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev xav (kev xav) thiab kev ua yeeb yam (kev siv qhov pom kev). Ua li no, nws yog qhov zoo dua los xaiv cov kab lus yooj yim, luv luv, sib txawv hauv intonation thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm nqe lus. Kev sib tsoo hauv cov lus tsis sib koom siab thiab cov kab lus tsis tiav yuav pab kom tsis txhob hais lus.
Kev cais raws tus cwj pwm
Tej zaum tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus uas nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem sau ib tsab ntawv. Qhov dav ntawm cov lus qhia yuav tsum muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Yog li qhov laj thawj tuaj yeem yog:
– sab ntsuj plig thiab kev ntseeg;
– kos duab thiab sau xov xwm;
– literary critical;
– philosophical;
– artistic, keeb kwm.
Kev xav hauv duab
Txhua yam kev xav tuaj yeem hnav hauv lub plhaub ntawv. Qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev txaus siab thiab tshiab rau kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv ntawm qhov kev sau ntawv sau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev daws teeb meem txawv txawv:
– ib hom ntawv epistolary (tsab ntawv);
– cov ntawv teev npe nkag (kwv yees xwm txheej);
– lyrical thumbnail (piav qhia);
– tshuaj xyuas (muaj tswv yim);
– note (media article).
Kev xaiv los ntawm kev nthuav qhia
Raws li lawv hom, cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem yog:
– analytical (raws li kev tsom xam);
– tseem ceeb;
– reflexive (tus kheej teb rau ib yam dab tsi);
– piav qhia;
– piav qhia.
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev
Koj yuav tsum tau ceev faj tshwj xeeb thaum sau cov ntawv sau rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, cov ncauj lus uas muaj kev daws teeb meem tsis meej. Nws yog dab tsi? Piv txwv li, muabnws qhov laj thawj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm universal moral phenomena txhais tau tias sau ib tug subjective ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tsab ntawv, sab ntawm tus sau tus cwj pwm raug nthuav tawm. Thiab yog hais tias lub ntsiab lus xav tau kev xav txog qhov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb muaj nyob rau hauv qee yam kev ua haujlwm, ces qhov no yuav tsum yog lub hom phiaj sau ntawv, qhov twg cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb lossis kev piav qhia yog thawj, tus sau xa mus rau nws. Raws li txoj cai, tom tsev kawm ntawv, cov ntawv sau zoo li no tau sau rau ntawm cov ncauj lus lossis kev sau ntawv.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv muab
Nws tsim nyog nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau ntawv kawg ua ib feem ntawm kev xeem lus Lavxias. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem siv cliché rau kev sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog qhov zoo dua kom tsis txhob stencilling hauv cov ntawv sau. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xeem nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, koj yuav tsum tau sau ib tug me me opus raws li ib tug muab ntawv nyeem. Thiab yog tias koj nco qab cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv sau, ces ib qho ntxiv tshwm sim ntawm no: nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xav txog txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus sau (tus kws sau ntawv nto moo, kws tshawb fawb lossis tshaj tawm) thiab qhia koj tus cwj pwm rau nws.
Cov lus qhia tuaj yeem pab txhawb:
- ntsuas (dab tsi);
- qhia qhov tseem ceeb (ntawm dab tsi);
- piav koj txoj hauv kev;
- xav tias;
- raws li koj tus kheej nkag siab;
- delimit tswvyim;
- xav kom raug;
- paug rau;
- ua pov thawj;
- define ib qhov chaw;
- hais txog qhov cuam tshuam.
Yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob yuam kev
Tus uas tau ceeb toom yog forearmed. Nws yog tsim nyog rov nyeem cov ntawv sau npe nrov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv,piv txwv ntawm uas yuav yog tus qauv. Txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm ib hom ntawv qhia txog kev muaj tswv yim tsis txwv, tab sis qhov tsis txaus ntawm kev hais lus yuav ua rau lub davhlau ntawm kev xav.
1. Peb xyuas txhua yam. Thiab tsis yog sau ntawv xwb. Koj yuav tsum tau nyeem kom nrov kom nkag siab zoo dua. Yog hais tias kev hais lus stumbles, nws txhais tau hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv tsis tau tshwm sim, thiab nws yuav tsum tau hloov. Yuav tsum tsis muaj cov lus hais tsis meej.
2. Peb ua pov thawj zoo. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau ntawv yuav tsum yog qhov kaj, thiab cov duab piav qhia tias nws yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov nthuav. Nws yog qhov dullness thiab tsis muaj kev yaum ntawm cov lus sib cav uas txo qis kev ua haujlwm.
3. Peb tshem tawm qhov dhau. Ib qho yuam kev yog ib qho kev taw qhia ntev heev los yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev ua hauj lwm uas yog qhov kev sib cav. Verbosity dilutes kev xav. Kev sau ntawv yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau ib lub tswv yim. Thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis tsim nyog thiab kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam rau nws.
4. Peb hais luv luv. Kev npaj rau kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kuj muaj nyob rau hauv kev kawm sau cov kab lus luv luv (qhov no tsis txhais hais tias tsuas yog yooj yim thiab monosyllabic hauv kev xav). Ib tug ntev syntactic tsim tsis muab cov nyhuv ntawm kev xav, cuam tshuam cov kab lus articulation. Nws tsim nyog ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thiab cov kab lus tsis tiav.
5. Peb sau kom meej. Tsis tas yuav qhia koj qhov kev tshawb fawb erudition hauv ib tsab ntawv. Cov ntawv nyeem yog npaj rau tus phooj ywg-nyeem ntawv, yog li nws yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cov lus tsis meej uas yuav tsum tau siv rau phau ntawv txhais lus lossis phau ntawv sau keeb kwm.
Opus rau tus thawj
Yog tias qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm tsev kawm ntawv sau ntawv yog qhov kev ntsuas, ces daim ntawv sib tw kom tau txais txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem hloov pauv koj lub neej tag nrho, yog li koj yuav tsum sau nws zoo liib sim zaum kawg.
Txhua qhov kev xav yuav tsum tau polished, kev sib cav yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav, thiab cov qauv ntawm kev nthuav qhia yuav tsum yog impeccable. Thiab peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - piv txwv los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm no.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas txaus siab rau tus tswv haujlwm:
- koj qhov kev ntsuas tus kheej nkaus xwb;
– muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov kev xav ntawm daim ntawv;
– tus nqi nyeem ntawv;
– lub siab dawb paug thiab ncaj ncees;
– muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj zog thiab tso dag;
- kev pom zoo ntawm lub neej.
Cov ntawv sau txog kev ua tsov rog
Piv txwv ntawm lwm tus neeg txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem siv rau cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm nkaus xwb. Plagiarism yog ib txoj haujlwm ua tsaug. Yog tias ib tug neeg tuaj yeem sau ib tsab ntawv, yog vim li cas koj ho tsis kawm yuav ua li cas? Yam tsawg kawg pib li no.
"Vasil Bykov zaj dab neeg "Sotnikov" suav tias yog ib qho haujlwm tsis muaj ntau txog kev ua tsov ua rog xws li kev xaiv ntawm tib neeg. Nws nyob ntawm dab tsi? Zoo, tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tau zoo li no: hauv qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb, ua ntej kev txiav txim siab, ib tus neeg tawm tsam: "Kuv yuav tsum ua raws li kuv niam kuv txiv tau qhia kuv, kuv cov kws qhia ntawv tau tsa kuv li cas, txwv tsis pub txhua tus yuav suav tias kuv yog neeg phem.” Pom zoo tias qhov no yog qhov tsis ntseeg. Kuv twv hais tias kev xaiv ncaj ncees yog npaj los ntawm tag nrho lub neej dhau los. Nws yog ib qho zoo rau ib tug neeg li kev nyiam ntawm ob lub txiv apples.
Ntawm no yog - lub gallows nrog tsib loops. Tsib raug txim mus rau txoj kev tuag: tus ntxhais Basya, cov laus Peter, leej niam ntawm peb cov me nyuam, Demchikha, thiab partisans: Rybak thiab Sotnikov. Lawv puas muaj kev xaiv ua neej nyob? Yog lawm. Tom qab ua tiav, ib lub voj yuav nyob twj ywm."
Intro yog. Thesis tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej. Thawj qhov kev sib cav pib. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem tso siab rau qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej thiab ua tiav txhua yam nrog qhov xaus.
Kev sau ntawv yooj yim sau yog tias koj muaj qee yam hais thiab qhia.
