Sulfur (lat. Sulfur) yog cov khoom tsis yog hlau. Cov cim tshuaj lom neeg yog S, tus lej lej hauv lub sijhawm lub sijhawm yog 16. Lub valency ntawm sulfur tau tsim txawm tias ua ntej kev kawm txog cov qauv ntawm lub atom. Nws tus nqi tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov cuab yeej los hloov, nyiam lossis txuas rau qee yam ntawm lwm cov atoms lossis pawg. Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo (electrons) hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Valence ntawm sulfur: dab tsi ntawm atoms cuam tshuam rau nws tus nqi?
Hais txog kev nthuav dav hauv ntiaj teb, cov tshuaj lom neeg nyob hauv qhov chaw thib 16. Nws tshwm sim raws li ci daj muaju los yog hmoov hauv cov pob zeb, nyob ze ntawm lub roob hluav taws kub thiab ploj mus. Lub ntuj nto moo tshaj plaws yog sulfides thiab sulfates.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hauv paus thiab cov khoom:
- Nyob tsis yog hlau.
- Hais txog electronegativity (EO), lossis muaj peev xwm nyiam electrons, sulfur yog thib ob tsuas yog fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine thiab bromine.
- Sib cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau thiab tsis yog hlau, yooj yim thiab complex tshuaj.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom nyob ntawm tus qauv thiab lub xeev ntawm lub atom, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm EO. Cia peb kawm seb qhov valence sulfur tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv cov tebchaw. Lawv cov cwj pwm tshuaj lom neeg nyob ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub plhaub hluav taws xob, tus lej thiab kev npaj ntawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud hauv lub atom.
Vim li cas valence sib txawv?
Stable yog lub ntuj isotopes ntawm leej faj nrog huab hwm coj 32 (feem ntau), 33, 34 thiab 36. Ib qho atom ntawm txhua qhov ntawm cov nuclides muaj 16 cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ze ntawm lub nucleus, 16 electrons txav nrog ceev ceev. Lawv yog infinitesimal, tsis zoo nqi. Tsawg attracted rau lub nucleus (ntau dawb) 6 cov khoom sab nrauv. Ob peb los yog tag nrho cov ntawm lawv koom nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm ntau hom tshuaj bonds. Raws li cov tswv yim niaj hnub no, qhov valence ntawm leej faj yog txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom tsim (kev sib txuas) electron khub. Feem ntau, hauv cov duab kos thiab cov duab kos, cov khoom sab nraud uas koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem no tau piav qhia ua cov dots nyob ib puag ncig cov cim tshuaj.
Valence nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm atom li cas?
Siv daim duab hluav taws xob, koj tuaj yeem pom cov qauv ntawm cov qib thiab cov theem qis (s, p, d), uas cov qauv sulfur valence nyob ntawm. Ob tug sib txawv qhia xub cim ua khub, ib tug - unpaired electrons. Qhov chaw sab nrauv ntawm sulfur atom yog tsim los ntawm orbitals ntawm 6 hais, thiab 8 yog tsim nyog rau kev ruaj ntseg raws li txoj cai octet. Kev teeb tsa ntawm lub plhaub valence yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov mis 3s23p4. Electrons ntawm txheej tsis tiavmuaj lub zog loj, uas ua rau lub xeev tsis ruaj khov ntawm tag nrho cov atom. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg, cov sulfur atom yuav tsum muaj ob hom tsis zoo ntxiv. Lawv tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv cog lus nrog lwm cov khoom lossis los ntawm kev nqus ob lub electrons dawb. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, sulfur qhia valency II (–). Tib tus nqi tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev siv cov mis: 8 - 6=2, qhov twg 6 yog tus lej ntawm cov pab pawg uas nyob rau hauv.
Cov tebchaw nyob qhov twg uas qhov valency ntawm sulfur yog II (–)?
Ib lub ntsiab lus nyiam lossis tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob tawm ntawm cov atoms nrog tus nqi qis dua electronegativity ntawm Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj. Valency II (-) tau tshwm sim hauv sulfides ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Ib pawg loj ntawm cov tebchaw zoo li no pom muaj nyob hauv cov pob zeb thiab cov zaub mov uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov no suav nrog pyrite (FeS), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PbS) thiab lwm yam khoom. Iron sulfide crystals muaj cov xim zoo nkauj daj daj xim av thiab luster. Cov ntxhia pyrite feem ntau hu ua "fool's gold". Yuav kom tau cov hlau los ntawm ores, lawv yog roasted los yog txo. Hydrogen sulfide H2S muaj tib lub qauv hluav taws xob zoo li dej. Keeb kwm ntawm H2S:
- tso tawm thaum cov proteins rot (piv txwv li, qe qaib);
- erupts nrog volcanic gases;
- accumulates hauv dej ntuj, roj;
- sawv tawm hauv qhov tsis muaj dab tsi hauv lub ntiaj teb crust.
Vim li cas cov mis rau tetravalent sulfur oxide SO2?
Cov mis rau dioxide qhia tau hais tias ib qho sulfur atom hauv ib lub molecule yog sib txuas rau ob lub atoms oxygen, txhua qhov xav tau 2 electrons rau ib qho octet. Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais yog covalent polar hauv qhov xwm txheej (EO ntawm oxygen ntau dua). Lub valency ntawm leej faj nyob rau hauv cov compound no yog IV (+), vim hais tias 4 electrons ntawm sulfur atom yog hloov mus rau ob lub atoms oxygen. Cov mis tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no: S2O4, tab sis raws li cov kev cai nws yuav tsum raug txo los ntawm 2. Dioxide, thaum yaj hauv dej, tsim ions tsis muaj zog sulfurous acid. Nws cov ntsev - sulfites - yog cov muaj zog txo cov neeg ua haujlwm. SO2 roj ua haujlwm ua haujlwm nruab nrab hauv kev tsim cov sulfuric acid.
Yuav ua li cas cov tshuaj sulfur qhia nws qhov siab tshaj plaws?
Oxide SO3 lossis S2O6 yog cov kua tsis muaj xim uas tawv tawv ntawm qhov kub qis dua 17 ° C. Hauv SO3 compound, valency ntawm oxygen yog II (–), thiab sulfur yog VI (+). Cov oxide ntau dua dissolves hauv dej thiab tsim ib qho muaj zog dibasic sulfuric acid. Rau lub luag haujlwm loj hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, cov khoom raug hu ua "khoom noj ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam." Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam thiab tshuaj yog cov kua qaub ntsev - sulfates. Calcium hydrate (gypsum), sodium (Glauber's ntsev), magnesium (epsom ntsev lossis iab ntsev) yog siv.
1, 2, 3, 4, 6 cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab nraud tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev tsim ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cia peb lub npe cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm leej faj, muab tias muaj cov tsis tshua muaj thiab tsis ruaj khov: I (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). Lub ntsiab tau txais qhov zoo thib ob valence hauvSO monoxide. Feem ntau cov txiaj ntsig II (–), IV (+), VI (+) yog qhia los ntawm leej faj raws li ib feem ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob tseem ceeb. Nws cov tebchaw yog siv los ua cov foob pob hluav taws.
Kev ntes cov pa pa tawm tseem yog qhov teeb meem loj, suav nrog sulfur oxides IV (+), VI (+) thiab hydrogen sulfide, uas ua rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig. Cov thev naus laus zis tau tsim los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob no thiab tau txais sulfuric acid thiab sulfates los ntawm lawv. Rau lub hom phiaj no, cov tuam txhab tshuaj tau tsim ua ib sab ntawm cov nroj tsuag metallurgical lossis hauv tib cheeb tsam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov ntim ntawm cov pa phem raug txo, muaj tsawg "sulfuric acid nag".
