Phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw. Kev siv tswv yim ntawm phosphorus compounds

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Ntawm cov ntsiab lus biogenic, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau muab rau phosphorus. Tseeb, yog tsis muaj nws, lub hav zoov ntawm xws li ib tug tseem ceeb tebchaw xws li, piv txwv li, ATP los yog phospholipids, thiab ntau lwm yam organic tshuaj, yog tsis yooj yim sua. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov teeb meem inorganic ntawm lub caij no yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam molecules. Phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam, yog cov koom nrog tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem lom neeg, thiab siv ntau yam haujlwm ntawm tib neeg. Yog li ntawd, xav txog seb lub ntsiab lus no yog dab tsi, nws cov khoom siv yooj yim thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog dab tsi.

Phosphorus: cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub caij

Txoj haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm teem sijhawm tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv ntau lub ntsiab lus.

1. pab pawg thib tsib, pab pawg loj.
2. Peb lub sijhawm me me.
3. Ordinal number - 15.
4. Atomic mass yog 30,974.
5. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom 1s ² 2s²2p⁶ 3s 2^3p3.
6. Muaj peev xwm oxidation xeev los ntawm-3 rau +5.
7. Tshuaj cim - P, hais lus hauv cov qauv "pe". Lub npe ntawm cov khoom yog phosphorus. Latin lub npe Phosphorus.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm lub atom no rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua XII. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm alchemists muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog qhov tau txais ntawm ib tug tsis paub "luminous" tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, hnub tim rau kev sib txuas thiab kev tshawb pom ntawm phosphorus yog 1669. Lub tuam txhab lag luam lag luam lag luam, hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb lub pob zeb, ua yuam kev tsim cov khoom muaj peev xwm ntawm emitting lub ci thiab hlawv nrog lub teeb ci ntsa iab. Nws ua li no los ntawm kev rov calcining tib neeg cov zis.

Tom qab nws, ywj siab ntawm ib leeg, lub ntsiab lus no tau txais kwv yees li tib txoj hauv kev:

• I. Kunkel;
• R. Boyle;
• A. Margrave;
• K. Scheele;
• A. Lavoisier.

Hnub no, ib txoj hauv kev nrov tshaj plaws rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj no yog txo los ntawm cov khoom siv phosphorus uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm carbon monoxide thiab silica. Cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb furnaces. Phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw yog cov khoom tseem ceeb heev ob qho tib si rau cov tsiaj muaj sia thiab rau ntau cov syntheses hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, ib tug yuav tsum xav txog dab tsi lub ntsiab yog raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj thiab qhov twg nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

Simple phosphorus

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau npe ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb thaum nws los txog rau phosphorus. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yamallotropic kev hloov kho uas lub caij no muaj. Muaj plaub yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom yooj yim phosphorus.

1. Dawb. Qhov no yog ib qho compound uas nws cov qauv yog Р ₄. Nws yog ib tug dawb volatile tshuaj nrog ib tug ntse tsis kaj siab tsw ntawm qej. Nws ignites spontaneously nyob rau hauv huab cua ntawm ib txwm kub. Hlawv nrog lub luminous daj ntseg ntsuab. Muaj tshuaj lom heev thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej. Cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm siab heev, yog li nws tau txais thiab khaws cia rau hauv ib txheej ntawm cov dej huv huv. Qhov no yog ua tau vim tsis zoo solubility nyob rau hauv polar solvents. Carbon disulfide thiab organic tshuaj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov dawb phosphorus. Thaum rhuab, nws muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau hauv daim ntawv tom ntej allotropic - liab phosphorus. Thaum condensing thiab txias vapors, nws muaj peev xwm tsim txheej. Oily rau qhov kov, mos, yooj yim txiav nrog rab riam, dawb (me ntsis daj). Melting point 44⁰C. Vim nws cov tshuaj lom neeg nws yog siv nyob rau hauv syntheses. Tab sis vim nws toxicity, nws tsis muaj daim ntawv thov dav.
2. Yellow. Nws yog ib tug tsis zoo purified daim ntawv ntawm dawb phosphorus. Nws yog tshuaj lom ntau dua, nws kuj tsw tsw ntxhiab tsw ntawm qej. Ignites thiab hlawv nrog ib tug kaj luminous ntsuab nplaim taws. Cov crystals daj lossis xim av no tsis yaj hauv dej txhua qhov; thaum oxidized tag nrho, lawv emit puffs ntawm cov pa luam yeeb dawb nrog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg P₄O₁₀.
3. Liab phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw yog qhov feem ntau thiab feem ntau siv kev hloov kho ntawm cov tshuaj no hauv kev lag luam. Pasty liab huab hwm coj, uas nyob rau hauv muaj zog siab tuaj yeemkom dhau mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm violet crystals, yog tshuaj tsis muaj zog. Nws yog ib qho polymer uas tuaj yeem yaj hauv qee yam hlau thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 250 ⁰ С, nws sublimates, tig mus rau hauv kev hloov pauv dawb. Tsis muaj tshuaj lom raws li cov ntaub ntawv dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sij hawm ntev raug rau lub cev yog tshuaj lom. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev thov ib tug incendiary txheej rau matchboxes. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws tsis tuaj yeem ignite spontaneously, tab sis nws tawg (ignites) thaum denotation thiab kev sib txhuam.
4. Dub. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv sab nraud, nws zoo ib yam li graphite, nws kuj yog greasy rau qhov kov. Nws yog ib qho hluav taws xob semiconductor. Tsaus crystals, ci iab, uas tsis tuaj yeem yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj txhua. Txhawm rau kom nws ntes hluav taws, qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum tau ua ntej.

Kuj nthuav yog qhov tsis ntev los no pom daim ntawv ntawm phosphorus - nws yog xim hlau. Nws yog tus neeg xyuas pib thiab muaj lub cubic siv lead ua lattice.

tshuaj muaj zog

Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm phosphorus nyob ntawm seb nws nyob hauv daim ntawv twg. Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, kev hloov kho daj thiab dawb tshaj plaws. Feem ntau, phosphorus tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog:

• metals, tsim phosphides thiab ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing;
• tsis yog-hlau, ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis thiab tsim cov volatile thiab non-volatile compounds ntawm ntau yam;
• muaj zog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm, tig mus rau hauv phosphoric acid;
• nrog cov concentrated caustic alkalis los ntawm homkev tsis sib haum;
• nrog dej kub heev;
• nrog oxygen los tsim ntau yam oxides.

Cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm phosphorus zoo ib yam li cov nitrogen. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib feem ntawm pawg pnictogen. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev ua si yog ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua vim muaj ntau yam kev hloov kho allotropic.

Nyob hauv ntuj

Raws li cov khoom noj, phosphorus muaj ntau heev. Nws feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust yog 0.09%. Qhov no yog ib qho qhia tau loj heev. Qhov no atom pom nyob qhov twg? Muaj ntau qhov chaw tseem ceeb rau npe:

• ntsuab ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag, lawv cov noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
• tsiaj cov ntaub so ntswg (cov leeg nqaij, pob txha, hniav enamel, ntau cov organic compounds tseem ceeb);
• crust;
• av;
• pob zeb thiab pob zeb;
• hiav txwv dej.

Hauv qhov no, peb tsuas tuaj yeem tham txog cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog, tab sis tsis yog hais txog yam yooj yim. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog heev nquag, thiab qhov no tsis tso cai rau nws mus dawb. Ntawm cov zaub mov uas nplua nuj tshaj hauv phosphorus yog:

• English;
• fluorapaptite;
• svanbergite;
• phosphorite thiab lwm yam.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom no tsis tuaj yeem raug overestimated. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib feem ntawm cov tebchaw xws li:

• proteins;
• phospholipids;
• DNA;
• RNA;
• phosphoproteins;
• enzymes.

Qhov ntawd yog, tag nrho cov uas tseem ceeb thiab los ntawm tag nrho lub cev tsim. Qhov nyiaj pub dawb txhua hnub rau tus neeg laus nruab nrab yog kwv yees li 2 grams.

Phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw

Ua kom nquag plias, cov khoom no tsim ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Tom qab tag nrho, nws kuj tsim phosphides, thiab nws tus kheej ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo. Vim qhov no, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau npe lub ntsiab uas yuav inert thaum reacting nrog nws. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv ntawm phosphorus tebchaw yog ntau haiv neeg. Muaj ob peb chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv tsim uas nws yog ib tug active koom.

1. Binary compounds - oxides, phosphides, volatile hydrogen compound, sulfide, nitride thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li: P₂O₅, PCL₃, P_{2 S}3_{, PH}3 _{thiab lwm yam.}
2. Cov tshuaj tsis sib haum: ntsev ntawm txhua hom (nruab nrab, acidic, yooj yim, ob npaug, complex), acids. Example: N₃PO₄, Na₃PO₄, H₄P₂O₆, Ca(H_{2 PO}4₎2_{, (NH}4₎2 HPO₄ thiab lwm yam.
3. Oxygen-muaj cov organic tebchaw: proteins, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA thiab lwm yam.

Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom tsim los yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thiab lom neeg. Kev siv phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw yog ua tau rau kev kho mob thiab kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev zoo tib yam.

Compounds nrog hlau

Binary compounds ntawm phosphorus nrog hlau thiab tsawg electronegative non-metals hu ua phosphides. Cov no yog cov tshuaj ntsev zoo li uas tsis ruaj khov heev thaum raug rau ntau tus neeg sawv cev. Rapid decomposition (hydrolysis) ua rau txawm tiasdej dawb.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj zog, cov tshuaj kuj tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom sib xws. Piv txwv li, yog tias peb tham txog hydrolysis ntawm calcium phosphide, ces cov khoom yuav yog hlau hydroxide thiab phosphine:

Ca₃P₂ + 6H₂O=3Ca(OH) 2 _{+ 2PH}3_↑

Thiab los ntawm kev tso cov phosphide rau decomposition nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntxhia acid, peb tau txais cov ntsev thiab phosphine:

Ca₃P₂ + 6HCL=3CaCL₂ + 2PH ₃↑

Feem ntau, tus nqi ntawm cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb tias vim li cas thiaj li muaj hydrogen compound ntawm phosphorus tsim, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom yuav raug txiav txim siab hauv qab no.

Volatiles raws li phosphorus

Muaj ob lub ntsiab:

• dawb phosphorus;
• phosphine.

Peb twb tau hais thawj qhov saum toj no thiab muab cov yam ntxwv. Lawv hais tias nws yog cov pa luam yeeb tuab, muaj kuab lom heev, tsw ntxhiab, thiab ua rau nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj.

Tab sis phosphine yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog qhov feem ntau cov khoom tsis zoo thiab paub zoo, uas suav nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug. Nws yog binary, thiab tus neeg koom thib ob yog hydrogen. Cov mis ntawm hydrogen compound ntawm phosphorus yog pH₃, lub npe yog phosphine.

Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li hauv qab no.

1. Volatile tsis muaj xim tsis muaj roj.
2. tshuaj lom heev.
3. Nws tsw tsw tsw lwj.
4. Tsis cuam tshuam nrog dej thiab dissolves tsis zoo hauv nws. Zoo soluble nyob rau hauvorganics.
5. Nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj, muaj zog heev.
6. Tus kheej-ignites hauv huab cua.
7. Ua los ntawm decomposition ntawm hlau phosphides.

Lwm lub npe yog Phosphane. Cov dab neeg los ntawm lub sijhawm thaum ub yog txuam nrog nws. Nws yog txhua yam hais txog "wandering lights" uas tib neeg qee zaum pom thiab pom tam sim no hauv toj ntxas thiab swamps. Spherical lossis tswm ciab zoo li lub teeb uas tshwm sim ntawm no thiab qhov ntawd, muab lub tswv yim ntawm kev txav mus los, tau suav tias yog qhov tsis zoo thiab cov neeg tsis ntseeg tau ntshai heev ntawm lawv. Qhov ua rau ntawm qhov tshwm sim no, raws li cov kev xav niaj hnub no ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb, tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm phosphine, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov organic residues, ob qho tib si cog thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov pa tawm tawm thiab, nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog oxygen nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, ignites. Cov nplaim xim thiab qhov loj me tuaj yeem sib txawv. Feem ntau, cov no yog cov teeb ci ntsuab ntsuab.

Pom tseeb, tag nrho cov volatile phosphorus tebchaw yog cov tshuaj lom uas yooj yim los xyuas los ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw tsw qab. Daim paib no pab kom tsis txhob muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis zoo rau qhov tshwm sim.

Compound nrog nonmetals

Yog tias phosphorus coj tus cwj pwm txo qis, ces peb yuav tsum tham txog binary compounds nrog cov tsis yog hlau. Feem ntau, lawv yog electronegative ntau dua. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm ntau hom tshuaj ntawm hom no:

• sib xyaw ntawm phosphorus thiab sulfur - phosphorus sulfide P₂S_3;
• phosphorus chloride III, V;
• oxides thiab anhydride;

Ybromide thiab iodide thiablwm tus.

Cov chemistry ntawm phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw muaj ntau haiv neeg, yog li nws nyuaj rau txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv. Yog hais tias peb tham tshwj xeeb txog cov tshuaj uas tsim los ntawm phosphorus thiab non-metals, ces oxides thiab chlorides ntawm ntau yam compositions yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lawv yog siv rau hauv tshuaj syntheses li dewatering agents, raws li catalysts, thiab hais txog.

Yog li, ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj ziab kom qhuav yog qhov siab tshaj plaws phosphorus oxide - P₂O₅. Nws nyiam dej heev uas thaum sib cuag ncaj qha nrog nws, kev ua phem tshwm sim tshwm sim nrog lub suab nrov nrov. Cov khoom nws tus kheej yog cov dawb zoo li cov daus dawb, ze rau amorphous hauv nws lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau.

Oxygenated organic tebchaw nrog phosphorus

Nws paub tias organic chemistry deb tshaj tus lej inorganic chemistry nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tebchaw. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm isomerism thiab lub peev xwm ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms los tsim cov chains ntawm atoms ntawm ntau cov qauv, kaw nrog ib leeg. Lawm, muaj qee qhov kev txiav txim, uas yog, kev faib tawm, uas tag nrho cov organic chemistry yog kawm. Cov chav kawm sib txuas sib txawv, txawm li cas los xij, peb txaus siab rau ib qho tshwj xeeb, ncaj qha ntsig txog cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug. Cov no yog cov tebchaw uas muaj oxygen nrog phosphorus. Cov no suav nrog:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, pyridoxal phosphate thiab lwm yam;
• proteins;
• nucleic acids, vim cov phosphoric acid residue yog ib feem ntawm nucleotide;
• phospholipids thiab phosphoproteins;
• enzymes thiab catalysts.

Hom ion uasphosphorus koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov molecule ntawm cov tebchaw, tom ntej no yog PO₄3-^{, uas yog, nws yog ib qho acid residue. ntawm phosphoric acid. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv qee cov proteins ua ib qho atom dawb lossis ib qho yooj yim ion.}

Rau qhov ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj ntawm txhua yam kabmob muaj sia, cov khoom no thiab cov organic sib txuas tsim los ntawm nws yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog. Tseeb tiag, tsis muaj protein ntau molecules, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los tsim ib tug qauv ntawm lub cev. Thiab DNA thiab RNA yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Feem ntau, txhua qhov kev sib txuas yuav tsum tshwm sim yam tsis tau poob.

Kev siv phosphorus hauv kev lag luam

Kev siv cov phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw hauv kev lag luam tuaj yeem ua rau ntau lub ntsiab lus.

1. Siv hauv kev tsim cov khoom sib tw, cov khoom tawg, cov foob pob tawg, qee cov roj, roj nplua nyeem.
2. Raws li lub tshuab nqus roj thiab hauv kev tsim cov roj teeb.
3. Tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm corrosion.
4. Kev ua liaj ua teb li av chiv.
5. Raws li dej softener.
6. Nyob rau hauv tshuaj syntheses nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov tshuaj.

Lub luag haujlwm hauv cov kab mob muaj sia raug txo kom muaj kev koom tes hauv kev tsim cov hniav enamel thiab pob txha. Kev koom tes hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ana- thiab catabolism, nrog rau kev tswj xyuas qhov buffering ntawm ib puag ncig sab hauv ntawm tes thiab cov kua roj ntsha. Nws yog lub hauv paus hauv kev sib txuas ntawm DNA, RNA, phospholipids.