Lavxias hais lus muaj nws hom lus, uas feem ntau hu ua kev ua haujlwm zoo. Txhua yam ntawm cov hom no muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv kev sau ntawv. Lub niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus tswj nrog tsib yam: artistic, scientific, official lag luam, colloquial thiab journalistic. Tsis ntev tas los no, linguists tau tshaj tawm qhov kev xav txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm qhov thib rau - kev cai dab qhuas style, yav tas los nws tsis tuaj yeem ua ib leeg vim yog lub xeev txoj haujlwm hais txog kev muaj sia nyob ntawm kev ntseeg.
Txhua tus qauv muaj nws tus kheej lub luag haujlwm, piv txwv li, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb yog qhia cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau tus nyeem ntawv thiab txhawb nws ntawm nws qhov tseeb. Hom lus no tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau los ntawm qhov muaj nyob hauv nws ntau ntawm cov lus paub daws teeb meem, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus ntawm cov xwm txheej dav dav. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov nostyle feem ntau ua si los ntawm lub npe, vim nws yog nws lub npe khoom uas xav tau kom ntxaws ntxaws.
Yuav ua li cas yog scientific style?
hom ntawv no feem ntau hu ua cov qauv uas muaj ntau yam zoo, lub ntsiab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus, kev xaiv nruj me ntsis txhais tau tias qhia cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog, siv cov lus hais ncaj ncees, thiab raws li kev npaj ua ntej rau kev hais lus. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb yog kev sib kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseeb txog qhov tshwm sim, uas txhais tau hais tias siv lub chaw ua haujlwm nkaus xwb thiab cov ntsiab lus ntxaws ntawm cov lus tshawb fawb.
Tus qauv uas cov lus no raug tua yog tsim los ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau cov hom phiaj uas lawv tus kws sau tau teeb tsa rau nws tus kheej. Raws li txoj cai, peb tab tom tham txog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshaj plaws ntawm ntau qhov tseeb thiab ua kom pom qhov sib txuas ntawm qee qhov tshwm sim. Raws li linguists, qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas tshwm sim thaum sau cov ntawv no muaj feem xyuam rau qhov xav tau los qhia cov kev xav thiab kev xav, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais dab neeg.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog qhov kev xav tau los piav qhia qhov tseeb, kev xav, kev xav. Cov lus piav qhia yuav tsum yog lub hom phiaj raws li qhov ua tau, yog li ntawd, hom ntawv no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab qauv ntawm kev hais lus monologue. Cov ntawv tsim nyob rau hauv cov style no yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account yav dhau los kev sau ntawv ntawm tus nyeem ntawv muaj peev xwm, txwv tsis pub nws yuav tsisyuav pom kev sib txuas lus uas lawv nplua nuj.
Piv rau lwm yam, kev tshawb fawb zoo li qhuav heev. Kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev nthuav qhia hauv nws cov ntawv yog qhov tsawg, kev xav thiab kev hais lus ntawm kev hais lus tsis raug pom zoo kom siv ntawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntawv tshawb fawb tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov qhia tau zoo yog tias txhua yam tsim nyog cov ntsiab lus tau ua tiav, uas suav nrog kev coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev paub ntawm cov neeg nyeem ntawv.
Kev ua haujlwm ntxiv
Ntxiv nrog rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb paub qhov txawv ib qho ntxiv - theem nrab, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev xav zoo hauv cov neeg nyeem ntawv. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, yog tias tus neeg nyob hauv cov ntawv nyeem tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev sib raug zoo, ces nws tsis zoo li yuav nkag siab txog nws tag nrho cov semantic.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem pom lawv tus kheej hauv cov ntawv nyeem hauv ntau txoj kev sib txawv, ua tsaug rau qhov no, nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ntau yam sub-styles - nrov science, scientific-kev kawm thiab tsim nyog-scientific. Thawj ntawm lawv yog ze rau cov lus tseeb thiab kev sau xov xwm, tab sis nws yog nws uas siv feem ntau hauv kev hais lus niaj hnub. Muaj feem ntau tsis meej pem hauv cov ntaub ntawv raws li substyles qee zaum hu ua tus qauv qauv.
Substyles
Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom meej meej txhais cov haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb yam tsis tau nkag siab txog nws cov heterogeneity. Txhua hom ntawv muaj nws qhov chaw, uas yog txuam nrog qhov yuav tsum tau xa cov ntaub ntawv rau tus neeg nyob hauv, thiab cov substyles ntawm cov lus no yog tsim los ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Piv txwv li, scientific thiab kev kawmimplies ib tug nruj piav qhia, uas yog hais rau nqaim-profile tshwj xeeb. Cov ntawv hauv substyle no yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas ntau yam qauv thiab piav qhia lawv, cov no suav nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm, kev kawm tiav, monographs, tshuaj xyuas thiab tshuaj xyuas, thiab lwm yam.
Cov kev kawm-scientific sub-style tau tsim nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav lub xeev scientific dogmas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam. Cov ntawv ntawm no sub-style yog kev kawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm tsim ntawm ntau yam kev txwv thaum xav txog kev qhuab qhia, raws li zoo raws li lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm illustrations, deciphering terminologies, txhais thiab piv txwv. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj cov phau ntawv kawm, phau ntawv txhais lus, cov lus qhuab qhia, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv uas qhia txog cov teeb meem kev qhuab qhia uas siv ntau yam kev xav txog kev tshawb fawb.
Cov lus hais txog kev tshawb fawb feem ntau yog npaj rau cov kws tshaj lij, tshwj tsis yog cov siv hauv cov npe nrov science subgenre. Fragments ntsig txog qhov substyle no yog tsim rau cov neeg tuaj saib dav, yog li nws yog kev cai los nthuav tawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm no hauv daim ntawv nkag siab tshaj plaws. Lawv zoo ib yam li cov ntawv tseeb, lawv yog cov cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv cov xim ntawm lub siab lub ntsws, kev hloov cov lus luv luv ntawm kev tshawb fawb nrog cov pej xeem, kev siv cov kab lus ntawm cov lus sib tham, thiab ntau qhov sib piv. Cov ntawv sau, cov ntawv hauv ntu ntu, sau ntawv, phau ntawv, thiab lwm yam yog cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv no.
Ntau hom ntawv nyeem hauv kev tshawb fawb
Lub ntsiab feature uas paub qhov txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog tus kheejkev siv, nws txoj haujlwm qhia txog kev siv cov ntawv cuam tshuam nkaus xwb rau cov neeg tuaj saib nrog qee qhov kev paub thiab muaj peev xwm nyeem tau. Nws yog tsuas yog siv thaum tsim cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb - monographs, cov phau ntawv siv, cov phau ntawv, cov lus qhia, thiab lwm yam. Raws li txoj cai, kev tsim cov ntawv no yog tsim nyog hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tshawb fawb.
Inside style, thawj cov ntawv yog qhov txawv - kev qhuab qhia, tshuaj xyuas, kev nthuav qhia qhov ncauj, i.e. tag nrho cov ntawv uas tau tsim los ntawm tus sau thawj zaug thiab tsis xav kom nws tig mus rau lwm qhov chaw. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntu ntu nruab nrab - lawv yog cov ntawv uas tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom tsim yav dhau los. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txo qis hauv cov ntaub ntawv muab thiab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau hais hauv thawj cov ntawv.
Qhov kev tshawb fawb siv nyob qhov twg?
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog pedagogical thiab kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag. Nrog nws cov kev pab, nws muaj peev xwm tsim ib qho chaw sib txuas lus uas cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb tuaj yeem sib txuas lus. Tacitly lees txais cov qauv rau kev tsim cov ntawv hauv hom no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tau ntau xyoo.
Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov ntawv tawg yog cov ntsiab lus - cov lus uas lub npe tsim cov ntsiab lus. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov chav tsev ntawm cov lus no muaj qhov ntim loj thiab tuaj yeem txhais tau ntau txoj hauv kev. Cov tsev uas nquag pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog cov kev ntseeg thoob ntiaj teb - cov lus uas zoo sib xws hauv cov lus sib txawv hauv lexical thiab grammatical lub ntsiab lus, nrog rau kev hais lus. Piv txwv li, "system", "process", "element", etc.
Kev tshawb fawb style, uas nws lub luag haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev xav tau raug hloov kho tas li, yuav tsum ua raws li kev tsim cov lus. Tias yog vim li cas cov lus tshiab thiab cov lus feem ntau tshwm sim hauv nws kom xa mus rau cov khoom tshiab lossis qhov tshwm sim.
Kev Tshawb Fawb: Cov Lus Qhia Xov Tooj
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev hais lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim nyob rau ntau theem ntawm cov lus, suav nrog lub suab. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias cov ntawv ntawm hom ntawv no muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv sau, lawv ib txwm muaj lub zeem muag meej ntawm cov ntawv hais lus, uas cov neeg hais lus feem ntau ua tiav nrog kev pab ntawm kev hais lus qeeb. Tag nrho cov intonations yog tus qauv thiab raug rau cov syntactic nta ntawm hom. Tus qauv intonation yog ruaj khov thiab sib dhos, uas yog vim li cas rau qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov ncauj ntawm kev hais lus nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom muaj qhov ntev txaus.
Yog peb tham txog qhov peculiarities ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov lus, ces cov kev tshawb fawb ib hom ntawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hais lus meej ntawm cov suab uas nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, kev sib txuam ntawm cov lus thiab txo cov suab. Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog tias cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb nyiam tshaj tawm cov lus thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov lus nyob ze li sai tau rau cov lus qub. Kev sib tham hauv qhov kev hais lus no tsis tshua muaj, vim tias feem ntau nws cuam tshuam txog kev nce ntxivkev xav.
Kev tshawb fawb style: lexical nta
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog piav qhia txog ntau yam xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv tib neeg lub neej. Thiab yog li ntawd, nws yooj yim ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev paub daws teeb meem, kev tshawb fawb dav dav, tshwj xeeb thiab cov lus thoob ntiaj teb. Nws tau nthuav tawm ntawm no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm plaub hom - cov lus uas tsim kev xav, cov lus dav dav, cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau cov lus uas muaj lub ntsiab lus tsis meej thiab dav dav.
Txhua nqe lus hauv kev tshawb fawb tau muab faib ua ob hom - tshwj xeeb thiab dav dav. Cov yav tas los xaiv cov khoom siv thiab cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, "kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo", "ib qho", thiab lwm yam), lawv muaj kwv yees li 90% ntawm tag nrho cov lus muaj nyob hauv cov qauv no. Cov tom kawg yog cov npe rau cov tswv yim technical. Piv txwv li, "hluav taws" thiab "cua" yog cov lus siv thaum siv cov lus sib tham, tab sis hauv kev tshawb fawb lawv yog cov ntsiab lus uas nqa cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov zoo ntawm cov kev kawm hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb.
Kev tshawb fawb style: morphological nta
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb xav tau cov ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv hom no kom nquag siv cov npe nrog lub ntsiab lus tsis meej ("tsim", "kev taw qhia"). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus qhia nrog lub ntsiab lus tsis tu ncua lossis daim ntawv tsis yog tus kheej, cov lus hais thiab cov npe hauv cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb feem ntau siv ntawm no. Ib tug txawv feature - nyob rau hauv cov style no muaj lub siab xav rau lub active siv ntawm ntau yam abbreviations,uas twb txiav txim siab los ntawm niaj hnub linguistics li nouns.
Cov lus luv luv thiab cov lus txheeb ze kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev hais lus. Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog muab rau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj ntawm superlative thiab qib sib piv ("cov txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws", "qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws", thiab lwm yam). Tom ntej no feem ntau siv feem ntawm kev hais lus nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv scientific yog muaj thiab tus kheej pronouns. Cov taw qhia tsuas yog siv los ua kom pom qhov sib txuas ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus piav qhia.
Vim tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog kev piav qhia, cov lus qhia ntawm no coj txoj haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab lub npe thiab cov lus qhia ua haujlwm. Lub neej ntev ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias muaj ntau cov lus qhia tau tshwm sim, cov semantics uas tam sim no yog ib nrab khoob. Piv txwv li, cov lus qhia "qhia" tsis tuaj yeem siv yam tsis muaj lub npe ntxiv, thiab tsis siv rau hauv ib txoj haujlwm.
Kev tshawb fawb style: syntactic nta
Thaum txheeb xyuas cov ntawv nyeem rau cov qauv kev tshawb fawb, ib tus tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim tias cov kab lus raug tsim raws li cov txheej txheem nyuaj, feem ntau nrog ntau lub hauv paus grammatical. Qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho kev cai, txij li tsis muaj nws nws yog qhov ua tau tsis yooj yim sua kom nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus, qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus xaus thiab cov pov thawj ntawm ib qho kev xav, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm no, qhov kev ua haujlwm thib ob ntawm hom, cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm ntawm tus nyeem ntawv txoj kev xav, yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.
Hauv kab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kab lus prepositional-nominal ("rau qhov laj thawj", "hauv chav kawm", "raws li qhov tshwm sim"), nominal predicates ("qhia tawm qhov kev daws teeb meem"), cais cov tswv cuab ntawm cov kab lus thiab adverbial kab lus feem ntau siv. Hauv yuav luag txhua cov ntawv nyeem ntawm hom ntawv no, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov kab lus tsis yog tus kheej nrog kev pab ntawm tus sau piav txog qhov tshwm sim lossis txheej txheem. Rau kev sib txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia hauv cov qauv kev tshawb fawb, kev siv cov lus qhia thiab cov lus siv ("yog li", "tej zaum", "los ntawm peb qhov kev xav").
In xaus
Txawm hais tias qhov kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog qhov kev piav qhia ntawm qhov tseeb lossis qhov tshwm sim, kev ua haujlwm ntxiv, muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo, nco ntsoov nws tus kheej tas li thaum txheeb xyuas cov ntawv hauv ntau yam. Linguists ntseeg hais tias cov qauv kev tshawb fawb yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no, qhov no yog vim qhov kev vam meej tsis nyob twj ywm, thiab cov cuab yeej siv lus tsim nyog tsuas yog xav tau los piav qhia cov kev tsim tshiab tshiab.
