Kev soj ntsuam yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas yog siv rau hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws rau kev koom ua ke thiab lub hom phiaj kev nkag siab thiab kawm txog ib yam khoom. Nws yog siv rau qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tus kheej nrog ib puag ncig. Txoj kev no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tau thaum koj xav tau daim duab tiav ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab nkag siab tib neeg tus cwj pwm
Science 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Aristotle: nws lub ntsiab philosophical tswvyim thiab kev koom tes rau kev tshawb fawb. "Tus txiv neej yog ib tug nom tswv tsiaj" txhais li cas? Yuav ua li cas to taub qhov no txhais nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm Aristotle lub tswv yim? Nthuav qhov tseeb los ntawm lub neej ntawm ib tug philosopher
Vasily Dokuchaev yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb Lavxias teb sab uas tau mus txog qhov siab tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb fawb av. Los ntawm tsab xov xwm no koj yuav tau paub txog biography ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab nws cov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb
Hluav taws xob yog cov kwj ntawm cov khoom txav mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Lawv muaj ib co nqi. Hauv lwm txoj kev, hluav taws xob yog lub zog uas tau txais thaum tsiv, nrog rau cov teeb pom kev zoo uas tshwm tom qab tau txais lub zog. Lub sij hawm tau qhia los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb William Gilbert hauv xyoo 1600
Ib qho ntawm cov cim ntawm Venus yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws qhov chaw sib nqus. Rau lo lus nug ntawm seb Venus puas muaj ib qho chaw sib nqus, muaj cov lus teb hauv qab no: lub ntiaj teb tsis muaj qhov chaw, tab sis vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub hnub ci cua nrog cov cua, qhov induced teb tshwm sim
Higgs boson yog qhov khoom kim tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub sijhawm. Yog hais tias, piv txwv li, lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus tsev vacuum thiab ob peb lub siab ci ntsa iab tau txaus los tshawb pom cov hluav taws xob, kev tshawb nrhiav Higgs boson yuav tsum tau tsim cov kev sim zog uas tsis tshua pom hauv ntiaj chaw ntiaj teb
Hnub no peb yuav saib qee cov calcium uas muaj hydrogen thiab carbon - calcium carbonate, hydroxide thiab calcium bicarbonate
Npauj npaim yog qhov sib xyaw asterism nkaus xwb. Nyob rau hauv lub ntuj, nws occupies 23rd qhov chaw ntawm 88 constellations nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntuj pom. Lub hnub qub ci tshaj plaws ntawm tus nab yog Unukelhaya
Ntau tus yuav tsum tau hnov lo lus "ampere", tam sim ntawd xa lub tswvyim no rau physics. Ib qho ampere yog ib chav ntsuas rau lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no. Tab sis koj puas tau xav tias yog vim li cas thiab nyob rau hauv uas nws hwm lub zog ntawm tam sim no lub npe? Niaj hnub no peb yuav nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv txog keeb kwm ntawm André Marie Ampère, tus kws tshaj lij physicist thiab tus kws tshawb fawb ci ntsa iab
Txhua tus paub qhov tseeb tias tus neeg yuav luag 80% dej. Tab sis ob peb tus neeg paub tias peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov dej no
Sib nqus teb yog qhov tshwm sim nthuav heev. Tam sim no, nws cov khoom tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv ntau qhov chaw. Koj puas paub dab tsi yog lub hauv paus ntawm magnetic teb? Tom qab nyeem tsab xov xwm, koj yuav paub txog nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav tham txog qee qhov tseeb hais txog kev sib nqus hlau nplaum
Amphoteric hydroxides yog cov tshuaj inorganic uas muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov kua qaub thiab cov yam ntxwv yooj yim nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom uas lawv hnov mob. Ob lub zog yog pom los ntawm cov hlau ntawm pawg A - Be, Al, Ga, Ge, Sn, thiab lwm yam. thiab pawg B - Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, thiab lwm yam
Tungsten yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas nws tus lej atomic yog 74. Cov hlau hnyav no, los ntawm cov hlau grey mus rau xim dawb, yog qhov ruaj khov heev, uas ua rau nws yooj yim hloov tsis tau ntau zaus
Txhua tus niam txiv xav kom lawv cov menyuam muaj kev zoo siab thiab nrhiav chaw nyob hauv lub neej. Cov chav kawm ntxiv hauv suab paj nruag, seev cev, kev ua kis las, lus txawv teb chaws - niam thiab txiv tau npaj txhij rau txhua yam kom lawv tus menyuam muaj kev txawj ntse. Nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, xws li mob siab rau yog qhuas, tab sis yog hais tias tus me nyuam tsis "kos" nyob rau hauv lub zoo tagnrho duab? Ntawm no koj yuav tsum tau saib cov inclinations thiab nyiam ntawm tus me nyuam thiab txhim kho lawv. Kev pab hauv kev xaiv qhov zoo tuaj yeem muab los ntawm Howard Gardner txoj kev xav ntawm ntau qhov
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus piav qhia hauv ntau yam tib neeg: hauv kev xav, kev xav, kev xav, kev xav, thiab lwm yam. Kev piav qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cuam tshuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev piav qhia
Ntawm thaj tsam ntawm peb lub hnub qub yog txoj siv Kuiper. Nws hla dhau lub orbit ntawm Neptune, yog li nws nyuaj heev kom pom txhua yam hauv qhov chaw no ua ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li lub koob yees duab muaj zog tau tshwm sim ntawm tus txiv neej pov tseg, ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua. Yog li, piv txwv li, nws tau paub tias cov khoom siv trans-Neptunian yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb uas ua rau Kuiper txoj siv, Oort huab thiab tawg tawg. Nws yog tsim nyog ua tib zoo saib xyuas lub cev rotating nyob rau hauv "rov qab" ntawm lub hnub ci system
Txhua lub hnub qub - daj, xiav lossis liab - yog lub pob kub ntawm cov pa roj. Kev faib tawm niaj hnub ntawm luminaries yog nyob ntawm ntau qhov tsis muaj
Cim lub cev xilethi-aus tuaj yeem ua rau tsis meej pem. Tsuas yog cov hnub qub muaj qhov pom tseeb, qhov loj, qhov luminosity thiab lwm yam tsis muaj. Peb yuav sim daws qhov kawg. Lub luminosity ntawm cov hnub qub yog dab tsi? Nws puas muaj dab tsi ua nrog lawv qhov pom kev nyob rau hmo ntuj? Lub luminosity ntawm lub hnub yog dab tsi?
Lub tsev astronomical, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm, yog ib chav ntsuas ntawm qhov deb ntawm astronomy - kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog tsuas yog siv los txiav txim qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ntau yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci system, tab sis nws cov nqi kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm extrasolar systems
Rigel yog lub hnub qub uas ua rau tib neeg xav tsis thoob nrog nws txoj kev zoo nkauj txij thaum ub. Hauv tebchaws Iziv, nws tau txheeb xyuas nrog tus vajtswv ntawm cov neeg tuag thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub hnub qub Sakh, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog Osiris. Rigel yog ib feem ntawm lub hnub qub Orion, ib qho ntawm cov duab kos duab saum ntuj ceeb tsheej
Hauv xyoo 2009, Kepler astronomical telescope tau tsim tawm. Lub ntiaj teb, lub discovery ntawm uas yog tos rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no, inhabited los ntawm lub neej, nyiam dua ntse. Puas yog cov kws tshawb fawb cov kev cia siab muaj tseeb lossis lawv puas yuav nyob twj ywm cia li kev cia siab? Tej zaum, ua tsaug rau lub tsom iav qhov chaw, peb yuav pom sai sai txog qhov no
Muaj ntau qhov kev xav thiab kev xav hauv geology. Tectonics yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb me me, cov ntsiab lus uas yog lithospheric daim hlau
Signal yog cov khoom nqa ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev. Qib, tus nqi thiab sijhawm raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb liab. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub teeb liab thiab lawv spectrum los ntawm Fourier transform. RF thiab digital signal analyzers
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog kev tsim hluav taws xob. Nws yog qhov kev tshawb pom no uas pab txhim kho peb txoj kev vam meej mus txog niaj hnub no. Hluav taws xob yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws. Leej twg yog tus tswv qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov tshwm sim no? Cov hluav taws xob tsim thiab siv li cas? Puas yog nws muaj peev xwm tsim ib lub cell galvanic koj tus kheej?
Cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem yog cov khoom uas tsis nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, tab sis tsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov concentration thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov kuab tshuaj
Ionic daim ntawv cog lus - ib daim ntawv cog lus tshuaj ua los ntawm electrostatic attraction ntawm ions. Nws tsis muaj kev taw qhia thiab saturation
Richard Phillips Feynman (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1918-1988) - tus kws kho mob zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm Asmeskas. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm xws li ib tug kev taw qhia li quantum electrodynamics. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1943 thiab 1945, Richard tau koom nrog kev tsim lub foob pob atomic. Nws kuj tau tsim txoj kev sib koom ua ke (hauv xyoo 1938), Feynman daim duab qauv (hauv 1949)
Raws li koj paub, lej yog leej niam ntawm txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Txij li tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag yog tsom rau kev suav. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias txhua yam hauv lub nceeg vaj no dhuav thiab dhuav. Los ntawm tsis muaj txhais tau tias! Txawm hais tias qhov kev qhia tseem ceeb, qhov tseeb thiab nthuav qhia txog lej tshwm sim. Thiab koj tuaj yeem pom lawv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb
John Glenn, thawj tus neeg Asmeskas tau hla lub ntiaj teb, tau ua keeb kwm thib ob thaum, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 77, nws tau los ua tus neeg laus tshaj plaws hauv qhov chaw. Tab sis ua ntej lub astronaut tau lees paub tias yog ib tug hero ntawm lub teb chaws, nws pheej hmoo nws lub neej ntau tshaj ib zaug rau nws lub teb chaws
Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau Saturn yog dab tsi thiab nws siv sijhawm pes tsawg tus neeg los kov yeej tus lej loj heev no?
Raws li lub ntsiab lus hauv physics, lub tswv yim ntawm "nqus" txhais tau tias tsis muaj ib yam khoom thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov teeb meem hauv ib qho chaw, qhov no yog ib qho hais txog lub tshuab nqus tsev. Lub tshuab nqus tsev ib nrab yog pom thaum qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw muab hauv qhov chaw qis. Cia peb ua tib zoo saib qhov teeb meem no hauv kab lus no
Nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, cov volcanic eruptions loj tau ua ntau zaus. Qhov no muab zaub mov rau kev hais lus tias qee qhov kev puas tsuaj thoob ntiaj teb tab tom los txog, uas yuav ua rau, yog tias tsis yog tag nrho cov khoom muaj sia nyob, ces, txawm li cas los xij, kom txo qis hauv cov pejxeem
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj Svante Arrhenius tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev siv lub cev niaj hnub no. Lub npe ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog txoj kev xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation, txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg sib txawv no kuj cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam teeb meem. Ua tsaug rau nws, lub peev ntawm Sweden thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. revived nws lub yeeb koob raws li ib tug loj center ntawm chemical science
Lub ntsiab mob rau lub neej ntawm txhua yam kab mob yog lub zog txuas ntxiv, uas yog siv rau ntau yam txheej txheem ntawm tes. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw tsis tuaj yeem siv tam sim ntawd, tab sis tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom khaws cia. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub reservoir yog ua los ntawm cov rog (lipids), uas muaj glycerol thiab fatty acids. Cov tom kawg yog siv los ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes ua roj. Fatty acids yog oxidized rau carbon dioxide thiab dej
Lub Boltzmann tas li dais lub npe ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo, tus kws tshawb fawb thiab lej - Ludwig Boltzmann. Qhov tsis tu ncua txhais cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom xws li kub thiab lub zog
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib kab lus yog qhov muaj lub hauv paus grammatical, uas yog, qhov ntsuas thiab cov ntsiab lus lossis ib qho ntawm lawv
Nws nyuaj los txhais tsuas yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb uas John D alton tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi. Ib tus kws tshawb fawb uas hwm thiab hwm tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm yog physicist, chemist, meteorologist
Cov kws tshawb fawb kwv yees tias nyob rau ob peb xyoos lub ntiaj teb yuav tag nrho cov peev txheej - thee, roj thiab roj. Tib neeg yuav daws qhov teeb meem no li cas?
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov nthwv dej kiag li, piv txwv li, hluav taws xob nthwv dej lossis nthwv dej ntawm cov dej. Kab lus no hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tshwm sim no raug suav hais tias, piv txwv ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim hauv lub neej niaj hnub thiab kev siv tib neeg tau muab
Kev lom oxidation: lub tswv yim dav dav, theem, hom. Oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate oxidation. Anaerobic oxidation los yog glycolysis. Hom kev fermentation. Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm oxidation