Yog tsis muaj zog, tsis muaj ib tug nyob yuav muaj nyob. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua yam tshuaj tiv thaiv, txhua tus txheej txheem yuav tsum muaj nws. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau leej twg to taub thiab xav txog qhov no. Yog tias koj tsis noj zaub mov txhua hnub, thaum yav tsaus ntuj, thiab tej zaum txawm tias ntxov dua, cov tsos mob ntawm kev qaug zog, qaug zog yuav pib, lub zog yuav txo qis.
Cov kab mob sib txawv li cas hloov tau kom tau txais lub zog? Nws tuaj qhov twg thiab cov txheej txheem dab tsi tshwm sim hauv lub cell? Wb sim to taub zaj no.
Tau txais lub zog los ntawm kab mob
Txawm li cas cov tsiaj txhu siv zog, ORR (oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) yeej ib txwm yog lub hauv paus. Ntau yam piv txwv tuaj yeem muab tau. Qhov sib npaug ntawm photosynthesis, uas yog ua los ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntsuab thiab qee cov kab mob, kuj yog OVR. Lawm, cov txheej txheem yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb lub neej yog txhais li cas.
Yog li, txhua tus tsiaj yog heterotrophs. Ntawd yog, xws li cov kab mob uas tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau nws tus kheej tsim cov organic sib txuas hauv lawv tus kheejlawv txoj kev sib cais ntxiv thiab tso tawm lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg.
Nroj tsuag, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog cov tsim muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog lawv uas ua tiav cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab tseem ceeb hu ua photosynthesis, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov piam thaj los ntawm dej, carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb tshuaj - chlorophyll. Cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom yog oxygen, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej rau txhua yam muaj sia nyob aerobic.
Redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, piv txwv uas qhia txog cov txheej txheem no:
6CO2 + 6H2O=chlorophyll=C6H 10O6+ 6O2;
or
carbon dioxide + hydrogen oxide nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm chlorophyll pigment (reaction enzyme)=monosaccharide + dawb molecular oxygen
Tam sim no kuj muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb biomass uas muaj peev xwm siv lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic. Lawv hu ua chemotrophs. Cov no suav nrog ntau hom kab mob. Piv txwv li, hydrogen microorganisms uas oxidize substrate molecules nyob rau hauv cov av. Cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw raws li tus qauv:
Keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho kev paub txog kev lom neeg oxidation
Cov txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam txog kev tsim hluav taws xob tau paub zoo niaj hnub no. Qhov no yog biological oxidation. Biochemistry tau kawm txog cov subtleties thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev ua hauv kev nthuav dav uas yuav luag tsis muaj qhov tsis paub tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yogib txwm.
Thawj qhov hais txog qhov kev hloov pauv nyuaj tshaj plaws tshwm sim hauv cov tsiaj muaj sia, uas yog cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv cov xwm txheej, tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig xyoo 18th. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas Antoine Lavoisier, tus kws tshuaj Fabkis nto moo, tau tig nws lub siab rau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm oxidation thiab combustion yog li cas. Nws taug qab txoj kev kwv yees ntawm oxygen absorbed thaum ua pa thiab tuaj mus rau qhov xaus tias cov txheej txheem oxidation tshwm sim hauv lub cev, tsuas yog qeeb dua sab nraud thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm ntau yam khoom. Ntawd yog, tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing - oxygen molecules - hnov mob nrog cov organic tebchaw, thiab tshwj xeeb, nrog hydrogen thiab carbon los ntawm lawv, thiab kev hloov pauv tiav tshwm sim, nrog rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tebchaw.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov kev xav no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, ntau yam tseem tsis nkag siab. Piv txwv li:
- vim cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws, ces cov xwm txheej rau lawv qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum zoo ib yam, tab sis oxidation tshwm sim ntawm lub cev kub;
- qhov kev txiav txim tsis yog nrog kev tso tawm ntau lub zog thermal thiab tsis muaj nplaim taws tsim;
- muaj sia nyob muaj tsawg kawg yog 75-80% dej, tab sis qhov no tsis tiv thaiv "hlawv" ntawm cov as-ham hauv lawv.
Nws siv sijhawm ntau xyoo los teb tag nrho cov lus nug no thiab nkag siab tias cov roj ntsha oxidation tiag tiag yog dab tsi.
Muaj ntau txoj kev xav uas qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov muaj oxygen thiab hydrogen hauv cov txheej txheem. Feem ntau thiab ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog:
- Bach txoj kev xav, hu uaperoxide;
- Palladin txoj kev xav, raws li lub tswvyim ntawm "chromogens".
Yav tom ntej, muaj ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntxiv, ob qho tib si hauv Russia thiab lwm lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb, uas maj mam ntxiv thiab hloov mus rau lo lus nug ntawm seb oxidation lom yog dab tsi. Niaj hnub nimno biochemistry, ua tsaug rau lawv txoj haujlwm, tuaj yeem qhia txog txhua qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Ntawm cov npe nrov tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam no yog cov hauv qab no:
- Mitchell;
- S. V. Severin;
- B. A. Belitzer;
- Leninger;
- B. P. Skulachev;
- Krebs;
- Greene;
- B. A. Engelhardt;
- Kailin thiab lwm tus.
YWarburg;
Hom kab mob oxidation
Muaj ob hom txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab, uas tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv. Yog li, feem ntau txoj kev hloov pauv cov zaub mov tau txais hauv ntau hom kab mob thiab cov kab mob fungi yog anaerobic. Qhov no yog lom oxidation, uas yog nqa tawm yam tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau oxygen thiab tsis muaj nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv. Cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws yog tsim qhov uas tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau huab cua: hauv av, hauv rotting substrates, silts, av nplaum, swamps, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.
hom oxidation no muaj lwm lub npe - glycolysis. Nws kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab ua haujlwm, tab sis cov txheej txheem nplua nuj - aerobic hloov pauv lossis cov ntaub so ntswg ua pa. Qhov no yog hom thib ob ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv kev xav. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov aerobic nyob creatures-heterotrophs, uasoxygen yog siv ua pa.
Yog li hom oxidation lom neeg muaj raws li hauv qab no.
- Glycolysis, txoj hauv kev anaerobic. Tsis tas yuav muaj cov pa oxygen thiab ua rau ntau hom fermentation.
- Cov ntaub so ntswg ua pa (oxidative phosphorylation), lossis aerobic saib. Yuav tsum muaj cov pa oxygen molecular.
koom nrog txheej txheem
Cia peb mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas lom oxidation muaj. Cia peb txhais cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab lawv cov ntawv luv, uas peb yuav siv yav tom ntej.
- Acetylcoenzyme-A (acetyl-CoA) yog condensate ntawm oxalic thiab acetic acid nrog coenzyme, tsim nyob rau thawj theem ntawm tricarboxylic acid voj voog.
- Lub voj voog Krebs (citric acid voj voog, tricarboxylic acids) yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog, txo qis hydrogen, thiab tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tsis muaj qhov hnyav molecular. Nws yog qhov txuas tseem ceeb hauv cata- thiab anabolism.
- NAD thiab NADH - dehydrogenase enzyme, sawv cev rau nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Cov mis thib ob yog ib qho molecule nrog ib qho txuas nrog hydrogen. NADP - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
- FAD thiab FADN - flavin adenine dinucleotide - coenzyme ntawm dehydrogenases.
- ATP - adenosine triphosphoric acid.
- PVC - pyruvic acid lossis pyruvate.
- Succinate lossis succinic acid, H 3 PO 4- phosphoric acid.
- GTP - guanosine triphosphate, chav kawm ntawm purine nucleotides.
- ETC - electron thauj saw.
- Enzymes ntawm cov txheej txheem: peroxidases, oxygenases, cytochrome oxidases, flavin dehydrogenases, ntau yam coenzymes thiab lwm yam.
Tag nrho cov tebchaw no yog cov koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem oxidation uas tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub so ntswg (hlwb) ntawm cov kab mob nyob.
Kev lom neeg oxidation theem: rooj
| Stage | txheej txheem thiab lub ntsiab |
| Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem yog nyob rau hauv cov pa tsis muaj oxygen splitting ntawm monosaccharides, uas ua ntej cov txheej txheem ntawm cellular respiration thiab yog nrog los ntawm lub zog tso zis sib npaug rau ob ATP molecules. Pyruvate kuj tsim. Qhov no yog thawj theem rau txhua yam kabmob muaj sia ntawm heterotroph. Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim ntawm PVC, uas nkag mus rau lub cristae ntawm mitochondria thiab yog ib tug substrate rau cov ntaub so ntswg oxidation los ntawm oxygen. Hauv anaerobes, tom qab glycolysis, cov txheej txheem fermentation ntawm ntau hom pib. | |
| txheej txheem no muaj nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm PVC tsim thaum lub sij hawm glycolysis rau hauv acetyl-CoA. Nws yog nqa tawm siv tshwj xeeb enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase. Qhov tshwm sim yog cetyl-CoA molecules uas nkag mus rau lub voj voog Krebs. Hauv tib txoj kev, NAD raug txo rau NADH. Qhov chaw ntawm localization - cristae ntawm mitochondria. | |
| txheej txheem no yog ua tib yam nrog rau yav dhau los ntawmmitochondrial cristae. Nws lub ntsiab yog ua kom tag nrho cov fatty acids rau hauv acetyl-CoA thiab muab tso rau hauv lub voj voog tricarboxylic acid. Qhov no kuj rov kho NADH. | |
| Krebs cycle |
Pib nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm acetyl-CoA rau citric acid, uas tau hloov pauv ntxiv. Ib qho ntawm cov theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas suav nrog lom oxidation. Cov kua qaub no raug rau:
Txhua txheej txheem ua tiav ob peb zaug. Qhov tshwm sim: GTP, carbon dioxide, txo daim ntawv ntawm NADH thiab FADH2. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lom oxidation enzymes yog nyob rau hauv lub matrix ntawm mitochondrial hais. |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Qhov no yog kauj ruam kawg hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tebchaw hauv cov kab mob eukaryotic. Hauv qhov no, adenosine diphosphate hloov mus rau ATP. Lub zog xav tau rau qhov no yog muab los ntawm oxidation ntawm cov NADH thiab FADH2 molecules uas tau tsim nyob rau theem dhau los. Los ntawm kev hloov pauv raws li ETC thiab qhov txo qis hauv qhov muaj peev xwm, lub zog tau xaus rau hauv macroergic bonds ntawm ATP. |
Cov no yog tag nrho cov txheej txheem uas ua nrog lom oxidation nrog kev koom tes ntawm oxygen. Lawm, lawv tsis tau piav qhia tag nrho, tab sis tsuas yog hauv cov ntsiab lus, txij li tag nrho tshooj ntawm phau ntawv xav tau rau cov lus piav qhia ntxaws. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem biochemical ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia muaj ntau yam sib txawv thiab nyuaj.
Redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov txheej txheem
Redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, piv txwv uas tuaj yeem qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm substrate oxidation tau piav qhia saum toj no, yog raws li hauv qab no.
- Glycolysis: monosaccharide (glucose) + 2NAD+ + 2ADP=2PVC + 2ATP + 4H+ + 2H 2O + NADH.
- Ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm citric acid nyob rau hauv lub voj voog Krebs.
YPyruvate oxidation: PVC + enzyme=carbon dioxide + acetaldehyde. Tom qab ntawd cov kauj ruam tom ntej: acetaldehyde + Coenzyme A=acetyl-CoA.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox no, piv txwv ntawm cov uas tau muab los saum toj no, qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis tu ncua nkaus xwb. Nws paub tias cov tebchaw hauv nqe lus nug yog qhov hnyav molecular lossis muaj cov pob txha loj carbon, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem sawv cev txhua yam nrog cov qauv puv.
Lub zog tawm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ua pa
Los ntawm cov lus piav qhia saum toj no, nws pom tseeb tias nws tsis yooj yim los xam tag nrho lub zog tawm los ntawm tag nrho cov oxidation.
- Glycolysis tsim ob ATP molecules.
- 22 molecules ib citric acid voj voog.
YPyruvate oxidation 12 ATP molecules.
Kab hauv qab: ua kom tiav cov roj ntsha oxidation los ntawm txoj kev aerobic muab lub zog tso tawm sib npaug rau 36 ATP molecules. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lom oxidation yog pom tseeb. Nws yog lub zog no uas yog siv los ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob rau lub neej thiab ua haujlwm, nrog rau ua kom sov lawv lub cev, txav mus los thiab lwm yam tsim nyog.
Anaerobic oxidation ntawm substrate
Hom thib ob ntawm kev lom oxidation yog anaerobic. Ntawd yog, ib qho uas tau ua los ntawm txhua tus, tab sis ntawm qhov twg cov kab mob ntawm qee hom nres. Qhov no yog glycolysis, thiab nws yog los ntawm nws tias qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm aerobes thiab anaerobes tau pom meej meej.
Muaj ob peb kauj ruam oxidation lom raws txoj kev no.
- Glycolysis, uas yog, oxidation ntawm cov piam thaj molecule rau pyruvate.
- Fermentation ua rau ATP regeneration.
Fermentation tuaj yeem muaj ntau hom, nyob ntawm cov kab mob koom nrog.
Lactic acid fermentation
Ua los ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid thiab qee cov fungi. Cov kab hauv qab yog los kho PVC rau lactic acid. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv hauv kev lag luam kom tau txais:
- fermented mis nyuj khoom;
- zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
- tsiaj sia.
hom fermentation no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv rau tib neeg xav tau.
paub rau tib neeg txij thaum ub. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov txheej txheem yog hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm PVC rau hauv ob lub molecules ntawm ethanol thiab ob carbon dioxide. Vim cov khoom no tawm los, hom fermentation no yog siv kom tau:
- bread;
- wine;
- beer;
- khoom qab zib thiab ntau dua.
Nws yog ua los ntawm cov kab mob, cov poov xab thiab cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob.
YButyric fermentation
Ib yam nqaim tshwj xeeb ntawm fermentation. Ua los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm genus Clostridium. Cov kab hauv qab yog kev hloov pauv ntawm pyruvate mus rau hauv butyric acid, uas muab cov zaub mov tsis kaj siab tsw thiab saj rancid.
Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj lom neeg oxidation raws li txoj hauv kev no yog siv tsis tau hauv kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab mob no tseb zaub mov ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij, ua rau lawv tsis zoo.
