Muaj ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ntawm lawv yog covalent, metallic, van der Waals, hydrogen thiab ionic. Cia wb mus saib seb daim ntawv cog lus ionic yog dab tsi thiab nws cov khoom yog dab tsi.
Ib daim ntawv cog lus tshuaj, ua los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm ib khub ntawm electrons los ntawm ib lub atom, tsawg electronegative, mus rau lwm qhov, ntau electronegative, yog dab tsi ionic bond yog. Piv txwv ntawm cov tebchaw tsim los ntawm nws tuaj yeem ua ke los ntawm ib qho kev sib koom ua ke - cov ntsiab lus ntawm atoms uas muaj zog electronegativity thiab hlau atoms nyob rau hauv compound.
Ib lub atom hlau yooj yim muab ib qho hluav taws xob thiab ua ib qho cation. Thiab ib qho electronegative atom, xws li halogen atom, yooj yim lees txais ib qho hluav taws xob, tsim cov ion tsis zoo. Cov khoom them nqi no - anions thiab cations - tsim ib qho uas muaj lub npe "ionic bond". Piv txwv ntawm nws yog sodium chloride, potassium bromide, lithium iodide thiab lwm yam hlau halides (tsuas yog alkaline).
Tab sis ib qho sib xyaw tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm daim ntawv cog lus ionic ib leeg. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog lub uncompensated rog ntawm attraction thiab repulsion. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsim nyog tham txog cov predominant xwbionic daim ntawv cog lus, thaum nrog rau nws muaj lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg daim ntawv cog lus. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev kom paub.
Tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev taw qhia thiab saturation ntawm daim ntawv cog lus ionic. Piv txwv ntawm daim ntawv cog lus nrog directionality thiab saturation yog covalent, pub-acceptor bonds. Lub unsaturation thiab non-directionality ntawm lub ionic yog manifested vim hais tias thaum ions nrog ib tug sib txawv nqi txuas, tus nqi yuav tsis tag them. Lwm yam kev them nyiaj ions tuaj yeem txuas nrog, thiab lwm yam. yog li ntawd nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ion yog qhov siab tshaj plaws uas muaj peev xwm zoo ib yam li nws, tab sis nrog ib tug txawv kos npe rau. Txawm li cas los xij, tus lej no raug txwv vim qhov kev sib tw ntawm cov ions ntawm tib tus nqi. Equilibrium tau ua tiav nrog lawv cov kev sib koom ua ke, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib koom tes. Qhov ntsuas no nyob ntawm qhov piv ntawm ion radii. Cov khoom uas muaj ib daim ntawv cog lus ionic feem ntau muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub voos xwmfab lossis lub octahedron thiab yog crystals.
Yog li, ib lub pob zeb ntawm lub rooj ntsev - sodium chloride - muaj lub cubic lattice. Nyob rau hauv nws, txhua chloride ion yog txuam nrog rau sodium ions thiab txhua sodium ion yog txuam nrog rau chloride ions.
Hauv oxides ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau, ionic bonding kuj tau pom. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj xws li: calcium oxide, sodium oxide thiab lwm yam. Ions tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog ntawm ib qho atom, tab sis ntawm ob peb. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug complex ion yog txawv, thiab ntawm cov ions lawv tus kheej muaj ib tug ionic daim ntawv cog lus. Piv txwv li: ntsev xws li poov tshuaj sulfate (ntawm no poov tshuaj yog cation, sulfate ion yog anion).
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov khoom ntawm ionsCov tshuaj sib txawv heev ntawm cov khoom ntawm atoms thiab molecules ntawm cov khoom no. Yog li, piv txwv li, chlorine ions, uas yog ib feem ntawm sodium chloride, tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab thiab haum rau cov khoom noj, thaum molecular chlorine, cov roj ntsuab-daj nrog cov ntxhiab tsw, yog tshuaj lom. Thiab sodium atoms nrog dej hnov mob nrog tawg, thaum ions yaj dawb.
