Cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog sab qaum teb feem ntau paub lub tsev tiv thaiv ntawm St. Petersburg outpost. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm lub sij hawm yuav zoo li, muab nws me ntsis, tsis paub. Qhov tseeb ntawm no yog ib tug guardhouse yuav piav qhia nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no.
Lo lus hauv phau ntawv txhais lus
Ua ntej pib xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo mloog cov lus piav qhia, uas hais tias lub tsev tiv thaiv yog chav npaj rau tus neeg saib xyuas uas saib xyuas lub rooj vag fortress. Feem ntau, nws tau nyob ntawm qhov chaw tawm lossis nkag ntawm tom kawg. Feem ntau, lub tsev tiv thaiv tau nruab nrog cov qhov tshwj xeeb (qhov tshwj xeeb) rau kev tua hluav taws.
Tseem, lub guardhouse yog lub npe ntawm lub guardhouse los yog guardhouse. Los ntawm German lus "guardhouse" yog txhais raws li lub ntsiab "guard". Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm lub tsev tiv thaiv, uas yog, qhov chaw uas tus neeg zov nyob. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv cov tub rog tub rog, ib lub guardhouse yog ib chav uas raug ntes tub ceev xwm khaws cia. Hauv jargon, qhov chaw no hu ua "lip".
History
Qhov chaw rau tus neeg saib xyuas, hu ua lub tsev tiv thaiv, tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw ntawm Russia xyoo 1707, tom qab tus thawj tswj hwm lub chaw haujlwm thiab tub rog tub rog tau tsim los ntawm Peter I. Thawj lub tsev tiv thaiv tau tsim tsa hauv St. Petersburg hauv thaj tsam ntawm Senaya Square.
Kev sib nrauj (lub tsev) ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas tseem ceeb yog qhov nthuav dav thiab zoo nkauj heev, yog li cov tsev zov me nyuam tau muab tso rau ntawm lub nroog loj square. Tus tsim ntawm cov tsev no tau tso siab rau cov kws kos duab nto moo ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Ntau tom qab, nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, cais chav pib muab faib nyob rau hauv lub guardhouses rau lub kaw ntawm cov tub rog raug ntes. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws tsis muaj chaw tiv thaiv, vim tias muaj tub rog kaw.
Zoo ntawm lub tsev tiv thaiv
Xyoo 1763, Empress Catherine II tau kos npe rau tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev tsim cov phiaj xwm tshwj xeeb hauv nroog, nrog qee cov cai. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm squares thiab txoj kev, kev saib xyuas tau them rau kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub nroog rooj vag. Nyob rau hauv Novgorod, cov rooj vag zoo sib xws tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Moscow, Pskov thiab St. Cov neeg saib xyuas no tswj kev nkag thiab tawm ntawm lub nroog. Xyoo 1834, ob lub tsev zov pob zeb tau yuav luag ua dua tshiab.
Lub tsev tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tsev tiv thaiv tom qab kev tsim kho dua tshiab los ua kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub nroog. Cov "cordeguards" no tau nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm txoj kev. Lub laj kab cam khwb cia hlau nrog cov ncej teeb, nruab nrab ntawm qhov teeb meem tau teeb tsa, nyob ze rau ntawm txoj kev. Ntawm noNtawm tus ncej, cov tub rog ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txhua tus neeg uas nkag mus hauv nroog.
qauv qauv
Nyob rau hauv Novgorod, lub tsev ntawm lub guardhouse tau dai kom zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Lavxias teb sab classicism. Sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb facades tau ua zoo ib yam rau ib leeg. Txhua lub façade muaj arched niche nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ob tug pilasters ua nrog Doric xaj thiab ib lub qhov rais ntawm lawv.
Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub niche muaj cov hniav bas-lief nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm lub nroog. Ib qho kev dai kom zoo nkauj triglyph frieze nrog rosettes thiab metopes tau tsim los saum toj ntawm archivolt ntawm lub niche. Sab saum toj ntawm lub facades lawv tus kheej yog crowned nrog triangular pediments. Facade tympanums (nruas) yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub siab nyem (sculptural nyem) nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ob-headed dav dawb hau nrog ib daim ntaub thaiv npog uas yog lub monogram ntawm Nicholas I.
Sab hnub poob façade, tig mus rau txoj kev, muaj qhov nkag mus rau lub tsev tiv thaiv. Nws yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug semicircular loggia thiab ob Doric kab. Sab saum toj ntawm lub loggia muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj tiav, zoo ib yam rau pediment. Cov npoo ntawm lub facades yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog stucco molding nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm puag ncig shields, tom qab uas yog hla swords. Tam sim no, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm ob lub tsev ntawm lub tsev tiv thaiv tau muaj sia nyob.
Tseem tiv thaiv
Nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws, nyob ntawm seb hom tub rog, muaj ntau hom kev tiv thaiv. Raws li Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm qhov kev pabcuam no, peb hom kev tiv thaiv tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov tub rog Lavxias.
Tus tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm (chaw pw) tau tsim los tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaivcov khoom uas nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub garrison, tab sis tsis muaj lawv tus kheej units los yog kev ruaj ntseg pab pawg neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas tub ceev xwm suav nrog kev tiv thaiv cov tub rog raug ntes uas nyob hauv lub tsev tiv thaiv (duab). Lawv qhia ncaj qha rau tus thawj tub rog, tus thawj coj tub rog thiab tus neeg saib xyuas lub luag haujlwm.
Lwm hom
Tus neeg saib xyuas sab hauv (nkoj) muab kev tiv thaiv rau txhua yam khoom uas nyob hauv cov tub rog camp thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev xa mus tas li (qhov chaw) ntawm chav tub rog. Qhov tseeb, lawv saib xyuas thaj chaw ntawm cov tub rog camp (hauv cov lus slang - nkoj). Cov chav zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog guarded, nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb cais lub tsev, uas yog enclosed los ntawm ib tug laj kab. Thaj chaw no yog hu ua "lub nroog zov" thiab yog thaj chaw txwv, uas yog, kev nkag mus tau nruj me ntsis.
Tus neeg saib xyuas sab hauv tsis yog tsim los ntawm cov tub rog mus tas li. Nws yog tsim rau ib hnub, tom qab uas nws yog kiag li hloov los ntawm ib tug tshiab. Hauv lwm lo lus, kiag li tus tub rog ntiag tug tuaj yeem nyob hauv hom kev tiv thaiv no. Cov posts yog subordinate rau tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog unit los yog rau tus neeg hloov nws thaum lub sij hawm tsis muaj thawj, nrog rau cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tub rog camp (unit) thiab nws pab.
Tus Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees
Tus neeg saib xyuas kev hwm yog qhov tshwj xeeb ruaj khov lossis ib ntus ua koob tsheej ntawm cov tub rog. Nws tau tsim los tiv thaiv monuments, tsoomfwv cov chaw thiab cov chaw keeb kwm. Tus neeg saib xyuas kev hwm kuj koom nrog kev txais tos cov qhua tuaj ntawm lwm lub tebchaws.
Raws li tau hais dhau los, cov ncej thiab cov neeg saib xyuas tau ruaj khov thiab ib ntus. Permanent txhais tau hais tias cov uas nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas tas li, piv txwv li, cov chaw kuaj xyuas ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog depots. Cov neeg saib xyuas no muaj lub sijhawm nruj uas txiav txim siab lawv txoj haujlwm thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
Ib ntus yog siv los tiv thaiv ntau yam khoom siv tub rog thaum nws thauj mus los ntawm cov chaw tsheb ciav hlau, tshav dav hlau thiab chaw nres nkoj hiav txwv. Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev thiab kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim, kev tsim ib ntus nrog cov khoom thauj tshwj xeeb, thiab tseem tiv thaiv cov neeg raug txim thiab raug ntes thaum lawv thauj. Ntawm no yog ntau yam kev pab zov me nyuam, uas nyob rau hauv lub guardhouse.
