Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet Union, txhua qhov muag tau nyob rau Russia. Tab sis yog tias koj ua tib zoo kawm hauv daim ntawv qhia, koj tuaj yeem pom tias ntawm tib thaj chaw muaj lwm lub xeev loj uas nyob ntawm cuaj kab hauv ntiaj teb qeb duas ntawm cov xeev loj tshaj plaws - Kazakhstan.
Ob feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb
Lub npe ntawm lub xeev tau muab los ntawm lo lus "Kazakh", uas yog los ntawm Turkic keeb kwm thiab txhais tau tias tib yam li nws cov lus Lavxias teb sab "Cossack" - "txiv neej dawb". Cov neeg dawb muaj qhov chaw mus ncig, vim tias txawm tias tam sim no ntau dua 2.7 lab square kilometers ntawm lub teb chaws cheeb tsam, tshaj li plaub caug feem pua yog nyob ntawm cov suab puam. Thiab yog hais tias koj suav nrog ib nrab-deserts, ces qhov no xyaum tsis muaj neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm occupies yuav luag rau caum feem pua ntawm Kazakhstan.
Lub xeev no yog ib qho ntawm ob peb thaj chaw uas nws nyob hauv ob feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb ib zaug - Europe thiab Asia. Tsis ntev los no, muaj qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev txhais ntawm thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw hauv ntiaj teb. Yog tias yav dhau los tus ciam teb tau kos raws tus dej Ural, tam sim no qee cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias nws yuav tsum tau txav mus ntxiv dhau ntawm Ural.lub roob. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau kos, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm Kazakhstan nyob hauv Asia, thiab qhov me - hauv Europe.
Thaum xub thawj, cov pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws tau sawv cev ntau dua los ntawm Kazakhs lawv tus kheej. Tab sis txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Soviet Union, thaum muaj ib tug loj tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws - kev khiav tawm ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nkauj xwb av - lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub xeev no muaj ntau haiv neeg. Kev khiav ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw tshwj xeeb tau nce ntxiv thaum pom cov pob zeb tseem ceeb hauv Kazakhstan. Ntxiv mus, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lawv cov deposits coj qhov chaw raws li kev xav tau ntawm lub Soviet kev lag luam.
Lub rooj zaum hauv qhov tob
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm geology, Kazakhstan yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv minerals. Yuav luag tag nrho lub sij hawm lub sij hawm yog muab zais rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub xeev no. Ntawm qhov tsis tiav puas chemical, xya caum deposits tau tshawb nrhiav. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub extraction ntawm rau caum ntawm lawv yog mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm tag nrho cov ceev. Xws li ib tug zoo txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub teb chaws nrog cov kev pab cuam yog predetermined los ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub geological qauv nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug loj cheeb tsam. Ntxiv mus, nws yog cov qauv geological uas tau ua lub hauv paus rau qhov tseeb tias cov zaub mov ntawm Kazakhstan nyob yuav luag nruj raws li thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws. Txog rau hnub tim, txog tsib puas deposits paub, uas muaj ntau tshaj li ib txhiab hom minerals. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev txhim kho tseem ceeb ntawm yav dhau los USSR tau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev tsim cov peev txheej hauv ntau thaj tsam. Yog li ntawd, lub grandiose reserves ntawm ib co ntawm cov peev txheej ntawm Kazakhstan tig tawm musnyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev undeveloped.
Northern Territories
Cov av ntawm Northern Kazakhstan yog qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam hlau hlau, ua cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov txhuas thiab kub. Cov reserves ntawm magnetite thiab xim av hlau ores muaj nqis rau billions ntawm tons. Thiab mining nws tus kheej hauv cheeb tsam no tau mus ntev. Ib qho zinc deposits thiab qhov loj tshaj plaws asbestos deposits nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub qub Soviet Union kuj raug tsim. Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, cov zaub mov ntawm Northern Kazakhstan yog qhov tseem ceeb deposits ntawm ores nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm npib tsib xee, cob alt, tin, tantalum thiab titanium, tab sis lawv tseem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob. Tib kab lus - tos rau kev txhim kho - siv rau qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam pob zeb diamond. Qhov xwm zoo nkaus xwb yog tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov zaub mov tsis khov, tab sis yog maj mam pib ua tiav. Piv txwv li, kev loj hlob ntawm zinc-nplua nuj ores pib hauv Shaimerden deposit.
Cov peev txheej ntxhia ntawm East Kazakhstan yog sawv cev feem ntau los ntawm cov khoom siv polymetallic. Qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog cov hlau lead thiab zinc, ua ke nrog cov tooj liab tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov ore, nrog rau cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig kub thiab platinum. Cov cheeb tsam no muaj ntau tshaj li plaub caug feem pua ntawm Kazakh kub reserves. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov xwm txheej no txhawb kom muaj cov khoom loj ntawm titanium ore nyob rau hauv Kazakh sab hnub tuaj tsis tau tsuas yog tau tshawb nrhiav, tab sis kuj tau pib tsim.
CentralKazakhstan
Coal basins nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog nto moo rau Central Kazakhstan. Minerals ntawm no, ntxiv rau cov khoom carbon, yog cov ores nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm manganese, tungsten, thiab molybdenum. Cov ciam teb ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws yog zoo li conditional. Lub hauv paus cheeb tsam yog nyob ze rau lwm qhov chaw, yog li cov reserves ntawm txhuas thiab zinc, lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm uas yog Northern thiab Eastern Kazakhstan, muaj deposits nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub teb chaws.
South of Kazakhstan
Cov teb chaws yav qab teb raug cais tawm ntawm lwm thaj tsam ntawm lub xeev, txawm tias lub hauv paus, los ntawm cov suab puam. Yog li ntawd, lawv muaj tshwj xeeb, tsis zoo ib yam li lwm qhov chaw ntawm Kazakhstan, deposits. Cov deposits ntawm uranium ores nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws yog qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntim, accounting rau ntau tshaj nees nkaum feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj teb no reserves. Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev niaj hnub tshaj plaws - los ntawm underground leaching. Ntxiv nrog rau uranium ores, sab qab teb ntawm Kazakhstan yog nto moo rau nws cov phosphorite deposits.
Teb chaws Europe
Xyaum tag nrho cov hydrocarbon reserves nyob rau thaj av ntawm Western Kazakhstan. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov roj reserves, lub teb chaws no yog cov saum toj kawg nkaus lub ntiaj teb lub xeev, thiab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm roj reserves - nyob rau hauv sab saum toj nees nkaum. Ntxiv nrog rau hydrocarbons, poov tshuaj thiab boron ntsev thiab, tau kawg, chromites yog mined nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub teb chaws.
Nrog cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb
Kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv geological tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias yog tias kev sib tham tig mus rau Kazakhstan, cov zaub mov ntawm lub tebchaws no tau sau tseg tam sim ntawd: hauv qee thaj chaw lawv tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd tsis muaj dab tsiKuj ceeb tias tsis yog qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xeev no lub ntiaj teb loj reserves ntawm ores uas muaj zinc, tungsten, barite. Qhov thib ob ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv silver, lead thiab chromites. Kazakhstan yog ib tug ntawm tsib lub ntiaj teb no powers nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm reserves ntawm ores uas muaj tooj liab, molybdenum, kub thiab fluorite. Tab sis yog tias peb ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas nyiaj txiag ntawm cov khoom siv uas siv, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam hauv lub xeev yuav yog cov thee thiab roj.
Coal mining
Thaum pib, cov peev txheej tseem ceeb ntawm Kazakhstan yog thee. Kev loj hlob ntawm nto moo (ua tsaug rau cov lus catchphrase) Karaganda tshwm sim los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet lub xeev xav tau cov thee. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm Central Kazakhstan, uninhabited nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd, tau tshawb nrhiav rau lub xub ntiag ntawm cov thee nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, tab sis thawj cov neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub settlements tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub nees nkaum caug xyoo. Tab sis Karaganda thee phiab tau pib tsim kho nyob rau hauv peb caug xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thaum lub teb chaws tau ntsib ib qho kev xav tau ntawm cov roj thiab cov khoom siv raw rau kev lag luam steel. Tom qab tag nrho, cov thee hauv zos yog coking, vim tias nws yog qhov zoo thiab xav tau hauv metallurgy. Yog li ntawd, thawj qhov ua ntej ua tsov rog mining hauv Kazakhstan tau txwv rau kev tsim cov thee. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm active kev loj hlob ntawm thee mining nyob rau hauv lub sab qaum teb cheeb tsam, deposits ntawm xim av hlau ores tau pom. Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm kev loj hlob sai ntawm metallurgy kev lag luam hauv Kazakhstan. Txog niaj hnub no, 80 thee seams 120 meters tuab thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm 45 billion tons tau pom nyob rau hauv Karaganda thee phiab. Nws thaj chaw nyob rau ntawmpeb cheeb tsam hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws. Coal mining kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv Ekibastuz thee phiab.
Hydrocarbons
Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet Union - tus thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev rho tawm cov roj thiab roj los ntawm lub plab zom mov hauv ntiaj teb - ntau lub tebchaws tom qab-Soviet tau vam khom rau Russia, vim tias cov reserves ntawm cov hydrocarbons tau faib tsis sib npaug thoob plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb. lub teb chaws. Tab sis Kazakhstan tsis tau deprived ntawm lawv. Minerals uas muaj hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv lub xeev tsim tshiab tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau. Qhov thib ob nyob rau hauv lub post-Soviet qhov chaw yog lub ntim ntawm cov roj reserves, lub thib peb - natural gas. Tab sis lub peculiar txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov roj thiab roj kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub qub Soviet Union tau muaj ib tug ob npaug rau qhov kev lag luam thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Kazakhstan. Ntawm ib sab, cov no yog cov nplua nuj deposits. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov roj reserves nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, Kazakhstan yog suav nrog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no cov thawj pab pawg neeg, muaj yuav luag ob feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov tshawb nrhiav deposits ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, uas yog hais txog plaub billion tons. Tsawg me ntsis roj av reserves nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan: nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus nqi - txog ib feem pua, uas yog yuav luag ob billion cubic meters. Tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm Siberian roj thiab roj hauv Union tau ua rau qhov tseeb tias qhov kev taw qhia no hauv Kazakhstan tau dhau los ua kev tsim kho tsawg dua hauv lub xeev nyob sib ze.
Ore minerals
Ore cov zaub mov ntawm Kazakhstan tau dav siv. Hlau ore reserves yog concentrated nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb avlub teb chaws uas mus txog yim caum-tsib feem pua ntawm lub teb chaws tag nrho reserves nyob. Cov ore ntawm qee qhov tso nyiaj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas lawv cov ntsiab lus hlau ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm cov ore muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tab sis zoo tib yam Kazakh ores tsis muaj ntau tshaj li plaub caug feem pua ntawm hlau.
Ninety-cine feem pua ntawm chromium deposits nyob rau sab qab teb spur ntawm lub roob Ural, uas nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan hu ua Mugodzhary. Lub xeev qhia qhov tshwm sim thib ob hauv ntiaj teb hais txog kev tsim cov chromites.
Manganese ores ntawm lub zos deposits, cov reserves uas yog qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv CIS, muaj txog li 27% hlau ntsiab lus.
tooj liab mining nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tau ua nyob rau hauv tib deposits (Zhezkazgan, Orlovsky, Nikolaev) tau ntev, uas ua rau lawv maj mam depletion. Yog li ntawd, txhua yam ua tau yog ua tiav los ua haujlwm tshiab kev txhim kho hauv East Kazakhstan. Tib lub sijhawm, kev tshawb nrhiav tooj liab yog ua nyob rau hauv Central thiab Western thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws.
Dua, yog peb tham txog Kazakhstan, cov zaub mov ntawm lub teb chaws no muaj kub, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias extraction ntawm no precious hlau yog Ameslikas tsuas yog ib tug by-product ntawm zus tau tej cov polymer ores. Tam sim no kub mining yog ua nyob rau hauv 16 cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, 190 deposits tau tshawb nrhiav, thiab hais txog cov nyiaj khaws cia kub, Kazakhstan yog qib tsib hauv ntiaj teb. Tam sim no kev lag luam kub mining lag luam tau muab kub rau ib nrab xyoo tom ntej.
Non-metallic minerals
Kazakhstan cov zaub mov tsis txwv rau cov ore thiab thee. Lub xeev yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv asbestos, qhov loj tshaj deposits ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Zhetygarinsky thiab Zhezkagansky deposits. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov deposits ntawm sab qab teb ntawm Mugodzhar yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lub caij no, txawm hais tias lawv tau tsim tsawg intensively.
Kev Mining hauv Kazakhstan tau tsim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm kev rho tawm phosphorites los ntawm lub plab hnyuv hauv ntiaj teb. Cov reserves ntawm phosphorus-muaj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws yog qhov thib ob nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntim, thiab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb lawv yog unmatched.
Ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus tsis yog xim hlau, cov ntsev tsis tau pom dua tau pom hauv Caspian lowland ntawm Kazakhstan. Sib cais cov ntsev-cov kabmob muaj ntau tshaj ob mais.
Xaiv tag nrho cov lus saum toj no, Kuv xav kom nco ntsoov tias lub teb chaws nplua nuj nyob hauv ntau qhov tso nyiaj. Mineral kev pab cuam ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan yog cov zoo. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, lawv txoj kev loj hlob tsis yog ib txwm ua tiav ntawm qib tsim nyog. Thiab kev rho tawm cov thee, roj thiab roj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam hauv lub xeev.
