Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj Svante Arrhenius tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev siv lub cev niaj hnub no. Lub npe ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog txoj kev xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation, txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg sib txawv no kuj cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam teeb meem. Ua tsaug rau nws, lub peev ntawm Sweden thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. revived nws lub yeeb koob raws li lub hauv paus loj ntawm chemical science.
tus kws tshawb fawb Swedish yug thaum Lub Ob Hlis 19, 1859 hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus neeg tshawb nrhiav thaj av ze ntawm lub nroog qub ntawm Uppsala. Ib xyoos tom qab, Gustav Arrhenius thiab Carolina Thunberg kuj muaj ib tug ntxhais, Sigrid. Svante txiv kawm tiav los ntawm Uppsala University, thiab tus tub tus txiv ntxawm yog ib tug naas ej botanist uas nws scientific ua hauj lwm muaj ib tug zoo kawg nkaus lub luag hauj lwm rau Swedish kev ua liaj ua teb. Gustav Arrhenius npau suav ntawm muab kev kawm qib siab rau nws tus tub. Yog li ntawd, thaum ntxov 1860s, thaum tsev neeg cov nyiaj txiag zoo dua, nws tsiv nrog nws cov menyuam mus rau Uppsala.
Svante pib nyeem ntawv ntxov, thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog 6 xyoo nws twb pib pab nws txiv ua kev suav nyiaj txiag. Ob xyoos tom qab, nws nkag mus rau qib 2 ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ntiav. Tus tub tau suav hais tias yog ib tus menyuam muaj txiaj ntsig heev. Tsis ntev nws txiv tau pauv nws mus rau gymnasium, qhov chaw nws pib kawm lej thiab physics nrog kev txaus siab heev. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17 xyoo, S. Arrhenius dhau nws qhov kev xeem zaum kawg thiab nkag mus rau University of Uppsala, qhov chaw uas tus kws kho mob nto moo Berzelius tau kawm. Ntawm cov kev tshwj xeeb muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, tus tub hluas xaiv physics.
Tom qab 2 xyoos, Svante Arrhenius tau txais daim bachelor's degree, tom qab ntawd nws tseem kawm txog natural sciences peb xyoos. Nyob rau hauv 1881 nws tau txais ib tug university degree. Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo ntawm kev kawm, tus tub hluas tau zoo kawg nkaus paub lus Askiv, German thiab Fabkis, kawm lej zoo thiab tau paub zoo txog cov teeb meem niaj hnub ntawm chemistry thiab physics. Nws tau mob siab los pib ua haujlwm ywj pheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm cov alma mater nws ua tsis tau.
kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb
Xyoo 1881, S. Arrhenius tau tawm ntawm nws lub nroog thiab mus rau lub peev ntawm Sweden - Stockholm. Nyob ntawd nws tau raug muab los ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Lub Cev ntawm Royal Academy of Sciences raws li kev qhia ntawm xibfwb Edlund. Ib xyoos tom qab, Arrhenius raug tso cai los ua kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej ntawm cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm cov tshuaj electrolyte.
Tom qab 3 xyoos, nws tau tiv thaiv nws qhov kev tshaj tawm kws kho mob hauv University of Uppsala ntawm lub ncauj lus "Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm galvanic conductivity ntawm electrolytes." Txawm li cas los xij, nws txoj haujlwm tau txais tos nrog kev tsis ntseeg, thiab nws raug tsis lees paub txoj haujlwm ntawm tus pab xibfwb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv no, vim tias kev tswj hwm tsis xav kom muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv tus kheej.kev lees txais ntawm tus sau ntawm "vwm tswv yim". Txoj hauv kev rau kev lees paub hauv biography Svante Lub Yim Hli Arrhenius tau ntev thiab nyuaj. D. I. Mendeleev yog ib tus neeg tawm tsam ntawm nws txoj kev xav.
Txawm tias muaj kev thuam, nws txuas ntxiv nws txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb. S. Arrhenius xa cov ntawv luam ntawm nws cov lus tshaj tawm rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Los ntawm qee tus ntawm lawv nws tau txais kev ntsuam xyuas zoo heev ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, thiab German chemist W. Ostwald tau caw nws mus ua haujlwm hauv University of Riga. Kev tshuaj xyuas zoo ntawm cov luminaries ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau muab lub hauv paus rau tau txais nyiaj pab kawm ntawv los ntawm Swedish Academy of Sciences, ua tsaug rau S. Arrhenius tau mus ncig ua lag luam txawv teb chaws. Nws muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm hauv chav kuaj ntawm Van't Hoff, Kohlrausch, Ostwald, Boltzmann.
Xyoo 1887 thaum kawg nws tau tsim txoj kev xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation. Xyoo 1891 Arrhenius rov qab mus rau Stockholm thiab tau los ua tus kws qhia ntawv hauv physics ntawm Royal Institute of Technology. Tom qab 4 xyoos, nws tau txais lub npe ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm Stockholm University, thiab txij li xyoo 1899 tus kws tshawb fawb los ua tus rector ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv no.
Kev qhia ua haujlwm hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Svante Arrhenius nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau siv sijhawm ntau thiab siv zog, thiab xyoo 1905 nws tau tawm ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho mob kom mob siab rau nws lub neej tag nrho rau kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm. Ua tsaug rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Sweden, cov nyiaj tau muab faib los ntawm Nobel Foundation rau kev tsim kho lub koom haum physicochemical hauv Stockholm, uas Arrhenius tseem ua tus thawj coj mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej. Ntawm no yog nyob nwschav tsev nrog lub tsev qiv ntawv loj.
Lub neej ntiag tug
Svante Lub Yim Hli Arrhenius ntsib nws tus poj niam yav tom ntej, Sophia Rudbeck, thaum nws muaj 33 xyoo. Nws ua haujlwm ua tus pabcuam ntawm Physics Institute thiab pab tus kws tshawb fawb txhua hnub. Xyoo 1894, ob niam txiv hluas tau sib yuav, thiab muaj ib tug tub, tab sis tom qab 2 xyoos lawv tau sib ncaim. Ces tus kws tshawb fawb tau sib yuav Maria Johansson. Nws tus tub hlob mus ua liaj ua teb.
Raws li niaj hnub sau tseg, S. Arrhenius yog ib tug txiv, txiv thiab yawg. Ntau tus phooj ywg los ntawm txawv teb chaws tuaj xyuas nws lub tsev. Nyob rau hauv nws lub sijhawm dawb, nws nyeem ntawv tseeb thiab ntaus piano.
Svante Arrhenius yog ib tus neeg muaj zog, zoo siab thiab noj qab nyob zoo. Tab sis raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, nws raug mob lub paj hlwb thaum muaj hnub nyoog 66. Lub Kaum Hli 2, 1927, tus kws tshawb fawb tau tuag hauv Stockholm los ntawm tus mob hnyav. Lub cev ntawm S. Arrhenius raug faus rau hauv Uppsala.
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab tshaj tawm
Peru tus kws tshawb fawb no muaj ntau dua 200 cov ntawv, phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv qhia. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb ntawm lawv yog:
- "Theory of Chemistry";
- "Chemistry and modern life";
- "Cov teeb meem ntawm lub cev thiab chaw chemistry";
- "Kev xav niaj hnub ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj electrolytic";
- "Quantitative laws in biological chemistry" thiab lwm yam.
Ntawm nplooj ntawvLos ntawm nws cov ntawv sau, Svante Arrhenius sim ua kom muaj kev txaus siab hauv chemistry ntawm cov neeg coob coob thiab txhawb kev tiv thaiv cov peev txheej ntuj. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj epistolary ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, uas tshaj li ib txhiab tsab ntawv, kuj tau khaws cia. Lawv muab khaws cia rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Lub tswv yim ntawm electrolytic dissociation
Svante Arrhenius txoj kev xav tau yooj yim: thaum yaj, cov tshuaj electrolyte decompose (los yog dissociate) rau hauv qhov zoo lossis tsis zoo ions. Tam sim no txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv paub txog qhov no, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd lub tswv yim ntawm atomistic dominated physics thiab chemistry. S. Arrhenius cov lus tau dhau los ua rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tsis kam lees nws.
Raws li nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, thaum cov kua qaub cuam tshuam nrog alkali, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dej, tsis yog ntsev. Nws kuj tau tawm tsam kev txawj ntse. Nws siv sijhawm ntau tshaj 10 xyoo rau Svante Arrhenius kom tau txais cov tswv yim no lees paub los ntawm zej zog kev tshawb fawb.
Cov lus xaus ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb hais tias cov khoom ntawm cov kua qaub yog vim hydrogen ions, uas cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem nyob ntawm, muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov kev tshawb xav tshuaj thiab nyiam cov neeg tshawb fawb txog kev lag luam. kev sib raug zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab tshuaj phenomena. S. Arrhenius, nrog rau van't Hoff, tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj kinetics.
Npaj qhov tseeb
Svante Arrhenius, ntxiv rau kev txhim kho hauv chemistry, kuj tau xav txog lwm yam kev tshawb fawb: qhov xwm ntawm lub pob xob laim, cov nyhuv ntawm hnub ci hluav taws xob rau lub ntiaj teb huab cua,tau txais cov tshuaj tua kab mob, piav qhia cov hnub nyoog dej khov, aurora borealis; txoj kev kawm ntawm volcanic kev ua ub no thiab evolutionary astrophysics, cov txheej txheem ntawm digestion nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj.
Nws qhia txog thawj lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov cov kab mob nyob hauv ib lub ntiaj teb mus rau lwm qhov uas siv lub zog ntawm lub teeb siab. Xyoo 1907, tus kws tshawb fawb tau luam tawm phau ntawv "Immunochemistry", thiab nws txoj kev xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation nteg lub hauv paus rau kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem physiological ntawm qib cellular thiab molecular.
Svante Arrhenius tau koom nrog kev ntoj ke mus ncig hauv lub ncov qaumteb qabteb xyoo 1896. Nws yog ntawm cov neeg uas tau ntsib tus kws tshaj lij "Fram" nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Nansen. Lub nkoj tau rov qab los ntawm kev caij nkoj peb xyoos hauv Arctic dej khov.
Ntawm txoj haujlwm los ntawm tsoomfwv Swedish, nws kuj tau kawm txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev siv dej tsaws tsag los tsim hluav taws xob.
khoom plig thiab lub npe
S. Arrhenius yog thawj tus kws tshuaj Swedish tau yeej Nobel nqi zog. Nyob rau hauv 1901 nws tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Swedish Academy ntawm Sciences. Ntau xyoo tom qab, kev koom tes hauv kev kawm twb tau muab rau nws nyob rau hauv absentia nyob rau hauv tej chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no science xws li Amsterdam, London, Paris, Göttingen, Madrid, Rome, Petrograd, Brussels, Washington, Boston thiab lwm yam.
Svante Arrhenius tau txais tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv cov kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no:
- philosophy (Cambridge, Oxford, Leipzig, Paris);
- tshuaj (Groningen, Heidelberg).
Nrog rau D. I. Mendeleev, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig Faraday Medal los ntawm British Chemical Society, nrog rauDavy Medal los ntawm Royal Society of London.
