Txhua lub hnub qub - daj, xiav lossis liab - yog lub pob kub ntawm cov pa roj. Kev faib tawm niaj hnub ntawm luminaries yog nyob ntawm ntau qhov tsis muaj. Cov no suav nrog qhov kub thiab txias, qhov loj, thiab qhov ci. Cov xim ntawm lub hnub qub pom nyob rau hmo ntuj nyob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thawj qhov ntsuas. Cov luminaries kub tshaj plaws yog xiav lossis xiav, qhov txias tshaj plaws yog liab. Cov hnub qub daj, piv txwv ntawm cov npe hauv qab no, nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas kub. Cov luminaries no suav nrog lub hnub.
Dab tsi
Lub cev ua kom sov rau qhov kub sib txawv emit lub teeb nrog cov wavelength sib txawv. Cov xim txiav txim los ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag nyob ntawm qhov parameter no. Qhov luv luv wavelength, lub cev kub dua thiab ze dua nws cov xim rau dawb thiab xiav. Qhov no yeej muaj tseeb rau cov hnub qub thiab.
Liab luminaries yog qhov txias tshaj plaws. Lawv qhov kub thiab txias nce mus txog 3 txhiab degrees xwb. Lub hnub qub yog daj, zoo li peb lub hnub, twb kub. Nws photosphere heats mus txog 6000º. Dawb luminaries txawm kub - los ntawm 10 mus rau 20 txhiab degrees. Thiab thaum kawg, cov hnub qub xiav yog qhov kub tshaj plaws. Qhov kub ntawm lawv qhov chaw nce mus txog 30 txog 100 txhiab degrees.
Cov yam ntxwv dav dav
Yellowhnub qub, cov npe ntawm ntau yam uas paub zoo rau cov neeg nyob deb ntawm astronomy, tau tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv coob. Lawv txawv ntawm qhov loj me, loj, luminosity thiab lwm yam ntxwv. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov luminaries yog qhov kub thiab txias.
Lub luminary tuaj yeem tau xim daj hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov hnub qub no nyob rau ntawm Daim Ntawv Qhia Tseem Ceeb ntawm Hertzsprung-Russell daim duab. Cov no yog cov dwarfs daj, uas suav nrog Lub Hnub.
Lub hnub qub tseem ceeb ntawm qhov system
Dwarfs xws li luminaries raug hu vim lawv qhov me me. Qhov nruab nrab txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub hnub yog 1.3910 9 m, qhov hnyav yog 1.9910 30 kg. Ob qho kev txwv tsis pub dhau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sab nrauv lawv tsis yog ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm qhov dog dig. Muaj lwm cov hnub qub daj, cov piv txwv uas tau muab hauv qab no, uas loj dua lub Hnub.
Qhov kub ntawm peb lub hnub qub nce mus txog 6 txhiab Kelvin. Lub hnub belongs rau chav kawm spectral G2V. Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, nws emits yuav luag dawb huv lub teeb, txawm li cas los, vim hais tias ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntiaj chaw lub cua, lub luv-yoj ib feem ntawm lub spectrum yog absorbed. Qhov tshwm sim yog daj daj.
Ntseeg daj daj
Cov luminaries me me yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua neej zoo. Tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog 10 billion xyoo. Lub hnub tam sim no nyob ze li ntawm nruab nrab ntawm nws lub neej voj voog, uas yognws yog kwv yees li 5 billion xyoo dhau los ntawm kev tawm hauv Main Sequence thiab dhau los ua neeg loj heev.
Lub hnub qub, daj thiab ntawm "dwarf" hom, muaj qhov ntev zoo ib yam li lub hnub. Lub zog qhov chaw ntawm xws li luminaries yog synthesis ntawm helium los ntawm hydrogen. Lawv txav mus rau theem tom ntej ntawm evolution tom qab hydrogen khiav tawm hauv cov tub ntxhais thiab helium combustion pib.
Ntxiv rau lub hnub, cov dwarfs daj muaj xws li Alpha Centauri A, Alpha Northern Corona, Mu Bootes, Tau Ceti thiab lwm yam luminaries.
Yellow subgiants
Hnub qub zoo ib yam li Lub Hnub, tom qab siv cov roj hydrogen, pib hloov pauv. Thaum helium hlawv nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus, lub hnub qub yuav nthuav thiab tig mus rau hauv ib tug liab giant. Txawm li cas los xij, theem no tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd. Cov txheej txheej sab nrauv pib hlawv ua ntej. Lub hnub qub twb tau tawm hauv Cov Txheej Txheem Tseem Ceeb, tab sis tseem tsis tau nthuav dav - nws yog nyob rau theem subgiant. Qhov loj ntawm lub luminary feem ntau txawv ntawm 1 txog 5 hnub ci.
theem daj subgiant tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm cov hnub qub zoo nkauj dua. Txawm li cas los xij, rau lawv qhov theem no tsis tshua muaj suab. Lub npe nrov tshaj plaws niaj hnub no yog Procyon (Alpha Canis Minor).
A tiag rarity
Cov hnub qub daj, cov npe uas tau muab los saum toj no, yog ntau hom hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov xwm txheej txawv nrog hypergiants. Cov no yog cov loj heev, suav tias yog qhov hnyav tshaj plaws, ci ntsa iab thiab loj tshaj plaws thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj lub neej luv tshaj plaws. Feem ntau paub hypergiants yog cixiav variables, tab sis muaj dawb, daj hnub qub thiab txawm liab hnub qub ntawm lawv.
Tus naj npawb ntawm lub cev tsis tshua muaj cosmic suav nrog, piv txwv li, Rho Cassiopeia. Qhov no yog daj hypergiant, 550 txhiab zaus ua ntej lub hnub nyob rau hauv luminosity. Nws yog 12,000 lub teeb xyoo deb ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Hmo ntuj pom tseeb, nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab (pom qhov ci ntsa iab yog 4.52m).
Supergiants
Hypergiants yog ib kis tshwj xeeb ntawm supergiants. Cov tom kawg kuj suav nrog cov hnub qub daj. Lawv, raws li astronomers, yog ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov evolution ntawm luminaries los ntawm xiav mus rau liab supergiants. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv theem ntawm daj supergiant, lub hnub qub tuaj yeem nyob tau ntev heev. Raws li txoj cai, nyob rau theem ntawm evolution no, cov luminaries tsis tuag. Rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm kev kawm sab nraud, tsuas yog ob lub supernovae uas tsim los ntawm cov supergiants daj tau sau tseg.
Cov luminaries xws li Canopus (Alpha Carina), Rastaban (Beta Dragon), Beta Aquarius thiab lwm yam khoom.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, txhua lub hnub qub, daj zoo li Lub Hnub, muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus muaj qee yam sib xws - qhov no yog xim uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cua sov lub photosphere rau qee qhov kub. Ntxiv rau cov npe, xws li luminaries suav nrog Epsilon Shield thiab Beta Crow (ci ci loj), Delta ntawm Southern Triangle thiab Beta Giraffe (supergiants), Capella thiab Vindemiatrix (giants) thiab ntau lub cev cosmic. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov xim qhia nyob rau hauv kev faib tawm ntawm ib yam khoom tsis yog ib txwmphim qhov pom. Qhov no tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb xim ntawm lub teeb yog distorted los ntawm cov pa roj thiab hmoov av, thiab kuj tom qab dhau los ntawm cov huab cua. Astrophysicists siv lub spectrograph los txiav txim xim: nws muab cov ntaub ntawv raug ntau dua li tib neeg lub qhov muag. Nws ua tsaug rau nws uas cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm xiav, daj thiab liab hnub qub, nyob deb ntawm peb ntawm qhov deb heev.
