Science 2024, Kaum ib hlis

Ntsuas yog dab tsi? Dab tsi yog scaling precision? Dab tsi yog graphic fidelity? Kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus no. Kev siv nplai hauv cartography, tsim thiab geodesy, nws ntau yam. Daim ntawv thov hauv kev yees duab, tsim, ua yeeb yaj kiab, programming thiab qauv

Lub cev kab noj hniav ntawm tus kab mob roundworm tseem hu ua pseudocoel. Nws tsis muaj nws tus kheej epithelial txheej, thiab nws zoo li ib tug los ntawm lub qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov leeg nqaij thiab cov hnyuv. Tag nrho cov kabmob loj thiab cov tshuab muaj nyob hauv qhov chaw no. Ntawm no yog qhov chaw ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev thiab tag nrho lub neej ntawm nematode

Cov kab lus no mob siab rau cov granulometric muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov av. Ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, thiab lwm yam raug txiav txim siab

Lub hauv paus ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov nroj tsuag lub cev. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog fixation nyob rau hauv cov av, nqus thiab conduction ntawm dej nrog tshuaj yaj nyob rau hauv nws, raws li zoo raws li vegetative propagation. Qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem no yog txuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam hauv paus system

Nroj tsuag muaj cov kab mob xws li kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau qee yam haujlwm. Vegetative - rau kev loj hlob thiab kev noj haus, thiab cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob. Cov no suav nrog paj, noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau "yug" ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv

Ib yam ntawm ob lub ntsev yog tias lawv muaj ob lub hlau ib zaug. Cia peb txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tebchaw zoo li no thiab lawv thaj chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov

Xab npum mis, tshuaj hauv paus ntawm cov qauv thiab kev tsim khoom. Kev faib tawm ntawm xab npum, keeb kwm ntawm xab npum ua. Ua-nws-koj tus kheej ua hauv tsev

The classical stage in development of science is one of the most important eras in history. Nws ntog nyob rau hauv 17th-19th centuries. Qhov no yog lub sij hawm ntawm qhov loj tshaj discoveries thiab inventions. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau suav tias yog theem classic ntawm kev tshawb fawb

Cov kab hluav taws xob xav tau txhawm rau txhawm rau ntsuas lub zog npaum li cas tau nqus los ntawm cov khoom nyob lossis tsis muaj sia nyob thaum sib cuag nrog hluav taws xob. Muaj txog kaum ob chav sib txawv thiab lawv cov derivatives uas piav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev

Qhov ntsuas kub tsis zoo ntawm lub kaw lus yog qhov tsim nyog los piav qhia txog cov khoom uas ua rau nws, nrog rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub peev xwm ntawm lub cev nws tus kheej. Cov kev txwv no tsis yog ib txwm tsis meej thiab feem ntau txhais tau dav dav, vim qhov no yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb

Tib neeg txoj kev xav tuaj yeem mus deb heev uas nyuaj rau kev xav. Qhov kev tshawb pom thiab kev tsim kho uas xav tau tshaj plaws tuaj yeem hloov pauv lub ntiaj teb tag nrho, tig nws rov qab, cuam tshuam rau txhua tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb. Peb yuav xav txog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws inventions nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no

Lub Lens Fresnel yog lub teeb uas cawm neeg txoj sia. Nws tau dhau los ua ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev teeb tsa lub teeb pom kev zoo, cov kev pabcuam tseem ceeb ntawm lawv lub sijhawm, nrog lub teeb muaj zog. Dab tsi yog qhov zais cia ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm Fresnel lens? Dab tsi yog qhov peev txheej ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tsis tau zoo no?

Ib daim duab peb sab yog ib daim duab tshwj xeeb thiab nthuav heev. Kawm txog cov khoom ntawm daim duab peb sab yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog rau kev tshawb fawb xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv lub neej txhua hnub

Keeb kwm ntawm trigonometry yog inextricably txuas nrog astronomy, vim hais tias nws yog los daws cov teeb meem ntawm no science uas thaum ub cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib kawm qhov sib piv ntawm ntau qhov ntau hauv daim duab peb sab

Leej twg yog tus kws tshaj lij? Puas yog lub npe lossis txoj haujlwm? Yuav tsum ua li cas thiaj li hu ua tus kws tshaj lij? Academies nyob rau hauv Russia thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no

Lub koom pheej ntawm Dagestan, uas yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, yog hu ua ib tug tshwj xeeb constellation ntawm haiv neeg. Tsis muaj cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm no. Thiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau tshaj li ib puas haiv neeg nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm ib tug kuj me me republic

Cov qaum qaum nkag mus rau hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cev muaj zog reflexes thiab kis ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulses ntawm lub nruab nrog cev thiab lub hlwb. Cov membranes ntawm tus txha caj qaum npog nws, muab kev tiv thaiv. Dab tsi nta thiab qhov txawv lawv muaj?

Txoj kev pragmatist rhuav tshem cov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov tseeb, vim nws ntseeg tias qhov tseeb ntawm txhua txoj kev xav nyob hauv nws "muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm", uas yog, nws zoo npaum li cas hauv kev paub ntawm tus kheej. Tab sis qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog lub tswv yim ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thoob ntiaj teb cov teeb meem tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tsev kawm sib txawv ntawm kev xav tau dhau los ua tib neeg

Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1900, tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas haiv neeg, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai Leslie White yug hauv Colorado. Nws yog nws uas tau qhia lo lus "culturology", uas tau xaiv ib qho kev qhuab qhia ywj pheej

Kev xav muaj ntau ntu raws li txoj hauv kev uas nws txiav txim siab txog qhov tshwm sim tshwj xeeb. Epistemology yog ib ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub txog kev xav uas teb cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas peb thiaj paub cov xwm txheej no, thiab dab tsi yog cov txheej txheem rau qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev paub no

Lub hli yog lub hnub qub ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb, nyiam lub qhov muag ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab tsuas yog cov neeg xav paub los ntawm lub sijhawm immemorial. Nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no, ob astrologers thiab astronomers devoted impressive treatises rau nws. Cov kws sau paj lug tsis poob qab lawv. Niaj hnub no, me me tau hloov pauv hauv qhov kev nkag siab no: lub orbit ntawm lub hli, cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws qhov chaw thiab sab hauv yog ua tib zoo kawm los ntawm astronomers. Cov compilers ntawm horoscopes kuj tsis coj lawv ob lub qhov muag ntawm nws

Nebulae hauv qhov chaw yog ib qho kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tawm tsam hauv lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj. Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig tsis yog qhov pom kev txaus siab xwb. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nebulae pab cov kws tshawb fawb qhia meej txog cov cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cosmos thiab nws cov khoom, kho cov kev xav txog kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lub neej voj voog ntawm cov hnub qub. Niaj hnub no peb paub ntau yam txog cov khoom no, tab sis tsis yog txhua yam

Tsis ntev los no, kev tshawb fawb tau paub tseeb tias lub qhov dub yog dab tsi. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum cov kws tshawb fawb pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb, qhov tshiab, ntau qhov nyuaj thiab tsis meej pem tau poob rau lawv: lub qhov dub loj heev, uas koj tsis tuaj yeem hu ua dub, tab sis dazzling dawb

Mammals yog tsiaj uas pub mis rau menyuam. Lawv yog cov koom haum tshaj plaws. Lub excretory, xeeb tub, digestive, ua pa thiab circulatory systems ntawm mammals yog qhov nyuaj tshaj nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm yam systematic units. Tab sis kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau cov qauv ntawm lub plab zom mov

Kev tsom xam ua tiav tso cai rau koj los ntsuas qhov kev daws teeb meem tam sim no ntawm lub koom haum thiab nws cov haujlwm. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, pab cov tswv, cov tub ua lag luam thiab cov qiv nyiaj kom raug ntsuas qhov peev xwm uas twb muaj lawm

Hom kev tshawb fawb txawv ntawm ib leeg nyob ntawm seb sab twg ntawm qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv tshawb

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus neeg lub neej yog pw tsaug zog. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm thaum peb rov ua kom peb lub zog, so, thiab so ob lub cev thiab lub siab lub ntsws

Hnub no, Lavxias teb sab Federation muaj qhov chaw lag luam muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Russia yog tus thawj coj uas tsis muaj kev sib cav nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm manned cosmonautics thiab, ntxiv rau, muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog Tebchaws Meskas nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw navigation. Qee qhov lags hauv peb lub teb chaws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov chaw nyob deb interplanetary, nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev paub txog tej thaj chaw deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb

Muaj peb pawg ntawm cov khoom tawg uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud thiab ntau hom kev tawg. Cov no muaj xws li: pib, propelling, thiab blasting tshuaj. Kab lus no muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev foob pob tawg thiab lawv thaj chaw ntawm kev thov

Kua yog ib lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov pa roj, tab sis tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem tib neeg thawj zaug tau txais huab cua liquefied

Endothelial cells ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv tib neeg lub cev. Lawv koom nrog hauv cov ntshav ncig, vascular homeostasis, nrog rau kev tsim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlab ntsha tshiab. Lawv zoo li cas? Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg thiab lawv txoj haujlwm yog dab tsi? Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no tau muab rau hauv kab lus

Muaj ntau yam khoom noj uas peb tau siv los noj txhua hnub. Ntsev yog ib qho ntawm lawv. Cov khoom no yog txuam tsis tau tsuas yog nrog peb cov khoom noj khoom haus, tab sis kuj nrog lub neej nyob rau hauv dav dav. Peb tsab xov xwm piav qhia ntau hom ntsev. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem pom nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, nrog rau kev siv nws txhua hnub

Kev paub txog kev paub yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov kev paub tshiab thiab seb tib neeg nkag siab txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb thiab kev sib raug zoo uas ua haujlwm hauv nws. Tsis muaj leej twg ua xyem xyav tias ib tiam dhau ib tiam peb dhau mus rau peb cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv muaj kev paub ntau ntxiv. Cov lus tseeb qub tau ntxiv los ntawm kev tshawb pom tshiab hauv ntau yam: kev tshawb fawb, kos duab, nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yog li, kev paub yog ib qho kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab txuas ntxiv mus

Dab tsi yog siv sciences? Lawv muaj nqi dab tsi? Vim li cas thiaj tsim tau? Lawv qhov tseem ceeb rau zej zog yog dab tsi?

Lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb kev cai lij choj niaj hnub rov qab mus rau ntau pua xyoo. Kev paub txog kev cai lij choj thiab kev cai lij choj tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm

Kev tshawb fawb yog ib puag ncig ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm, zoo li lwm yam - kev lag luam, kev qhia, thiab lwm yam. Nws tsuas yog qhov txawv ntawm nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom tau txais kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb. Nov yog nws qhov tshwj xeeb

Sib piv txoj kev: daim ntawv thov, theoretical thiab tswv yim tseem ceeb, Scope. Txoj kev sib piv hauv psychology thiab jurisprudence

Cov kab lus "ib puag ncig hauv lub cev" tau tshwm sim ua tsaug rau Fabkis tus kws kho mob hlwb Claude Bernard, uas nyob rau xyoo 19th. Hauv nws cov haujlwm, nws tau hais meej tias qhov tsim nyog rau lub neej ntawm lub cev yog kom muaj kev ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sab hauv. Qhov kev pabcuam no tau los ua lub hauv paus rau txoj kev xav ntawm homeostasis, uas tau tsim tom qab (hauv xyoo 1929) los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb W alter Cannon

Cov pa roj carbon dioxide yog cov kua qaub oxide uas tshwm sim ib txwm muaj thiab yog cov khoom lag luam metabolic ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tsiaj. Nws tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev cog khoom nyhuv. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide, thaum cuam tshuam nrog dej, tsim ib qho tsis ruaj tsis khov carbonic (carbonate) acid, uas tuaj yeem decompose rau hauv dej thiab carbon dioxide

Lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm cov nroj tsuag hloov pauv. Technology rau lawv cov khoom. Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Kev cia siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam genetic engineering