Tsis muaj xab npum hnub no! Xim, ci, zoo nkauj. Muaj ib qho pob tshab, uas cov qauv lossis cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov duab sib txawv yog qhov pom tau zoo. Cov hom nrov heev rau cov menyuam yaus, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lawv nyiam tas luav cim, tsiaj ntxim hlub thiab lwm yam cim. Feem ntau, cov neeg ua xab npum sim lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Tab sis dab tsi yog cov khoom no los ntawm sab hauv? Nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog dab tsi, thaum twg nws tshwm sim thiab nws tau txais li cas? Wb sim saib seb.
tshuaj soap base
Kev tshawb fawb, cov khoom no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm alkaline hydrolysis ntawm cov roj lossis roj. Thawj thawj zaug, Michel Chevrel, kws tshuaj Fab Kis Fab Kis, kwv yees tias cov xab npum thiab cov rog muaj qee yam sib xws hauv lawv cov khoom xyaw. Nws mob siab rau yuav luag tag nrho nws lub neej rau kev kawm txog cov carboxylic acids siab dua. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig los piav qhia txog kev muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov rog, thiab yog li xab npum.
Chevrel tau hais tias yog tias qhov siab tshaj plaws trihydric cawv glycerol, muaj peb pawg hydroxo, reacts nrog cov kua qaub, cov mis loj uas yog R-COOH, ces triglycerides, esters ntawm acids, yuav tshwm sim. Lawv yuav rog. Yog hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug alkaline nruab nrab, ces lub resulting khoomyuav hnov mob nrog NaOH (KOH) los ua xab npum.
Tom qab ntawd, cov lus xaus no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Berthelot qhov kev sim hauv chav kuaj. Feem ntau, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov xab npum sib txawv suav nrog cov khoom hauv qab no:
- dej;
- oleic acid;
- naphthenic acids;
- stearic;
- palmitic;
- rosin;
- sodium lossis potassium hydroxide.
Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tshuaj ntawm xab npum yog sau raws li nram no: R-COOMe, qhov twg R yog ib qho radical uas muaj los ntawm 8 mus rau 20 lossis ntau dua carbon atoms. Kuv yog hlau, alkali lossis alkaline ntiaj teb.
Yog peb tham txog ib yam khoom siv hauv tsev uas siv los ntxhua khaub ncaws, ces xab npum mis yuav zoo li no: C17H35 -COA. Xws li:
- stearic acid;
- caustic soda;
- rosin;
- dej;
- qee zaum txiv maj phaub roj siv.
Nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws, kev tsim cov khoom lag luam no tshwm sim hauv ntau txoj hauv kev, yog li feem ntau cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, xim, hauv kev ntxuav zoo. Yog li, cov mis ntawm xab npum ua kom pom tseeb. Chemistry muab cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no rau cov khoom no: cov no yog cov ntsev ntau dua carboxylic acids, suav nrog alkali lossis alkaline ntiaj teb hlau.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov khoom sib txawv heev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tag nrho lub xeev, pob tshab, tsis hnov tsw thiab lwm yam organoleptic tsis. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev tsim khoom.
xab npum kua mis
Nrov heev nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no raws li kev xaiv tshuaj ntxuav tes yog cov khoom ua kua. Nws yog qhov yooj yim, nws zoo nkaus li tias nws yog qhov zoo dua rau cov tawv nqaij ntawm ob txhais tes thiab aesthetically pleasing rau chav dej txee. Yog li ntawd, cov kua xab npum yog ib yam ntawm cov ntsev ntau tshaj plaws. Lawv txawv li cas ntawm cov khoom sib txawv thiab vim li cas thiaj li sib txawv hauv cov xeev sib sau?
Nws hloov tawm nws yog txhua yam hais txog cov hlau cation uas tsim cov khoom sib xyaw, nrog rau cov tshuab tsim khoom. Cov mis ntawm xab npum, uas yog kua, conditionally zoo li no: R-COOK. Ntawd yog, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum suav nrog cov poov tshuaj ions. Raws li, potassium hydroxide koom nrog hauv kev tsim khoom.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom no:
- viscosity;
- hygroscopicity;
- kev;
- transparency;
- zoo solubility.
Zoo soap
Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov khoom lag luam nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj kev sib sau ua ke, koj yuav tsum siv cov dej qab zib txiv qaub lossis caustic soda hauv kev tsim khoom. Nws yuav tsum tau taw qhia tias yog Na ions suav nrog hauv cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, tom qab ntawd cov khoom lag luam hloov mus ua cov khoom thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Lithium ions feem ntau kuj tsim cov xab npum zoo sib xws.
Yog li, cov tshuaj xab npum siv rau ntawm daim ntawv sib txawv me ntsis: R-COONa, R-COOLi. Los ntawm kev pom tshuaj lom neeg, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom tsis hloov pauv - xab npum sib haum rau nws qhov xwm txheej, ua ntsev ntawm carboxylic acids. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev, organoleptic zog, sab nrauv tsim yogTxhua yam yuav hloov tau los ntawm tus neeg nws tus kheej, uas yog yam uas tib neeg ua haujlwm.
Kev faib tawm
Ob lub hauv paus tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los faib cov tshuaj piav qhia rau hauv pawg. Thawj lub cim ntawm kev faib tawm yog cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv kev tsim khoom. Raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, lawv paub qhov txawv:
- core xab npum - fatty acids tsis tsawg dua 60% hauv cov khoom xyaw;
- semi-core - txog 30%;
- glutinous - tsis siab tshaj 47%.
Nrog lub hauv paus xaiv, koj tuaj yeem muab cov xab npum sib txawv rau kev tsim sab nraud. Koj tuaj yeem ua nws marble, pob tshab, nrog cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom tsim sab hauv, xim thiab matte, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj xab npum tseem yuav raug qhia los ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm R-COOMe, txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom nws tus kheej feem ntau kuj suav nrog rosin thiab naphthenic acids, nrog rau sorbitol, cov ntsev, tshuaj tsw qab, dyes, preservatives, foaming agents thiab lwm yam.
Lub cim thib ob ntawm kev faib tawm yog tsev neeg lub hom phiaj. Yog li, muaj peb ntau yam ntawm cov khoom.
- Chav dej - siv rau kev ntxuav kom huv, ntxuav lub cev. Yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua kom zoo, ua kom mos thiab tsis ua rau khaus thiab qhuav. Ua li no, fatty acids yuav tsum tsis txhob poob tshaj 72% nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg.
- Tshwj xeeb - siv tawv, textile, tshuaj thiab lwm yam. Muaj cov tshuaj ntxiv tshwj xeeb.
- Tsev - tsim los ntxuav cov khoom hauv tsev, ntxhua khaub ncaws, tu thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev.
Txoj kev ntawm cov tshuaj xab npum no los ntawmyav dhau los tsis txawv, nws tuaj yeem ua pob tshab, matte, xim, thiab lwm yam. Qhov piv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov chaw.
Industrial production
Kev tsim cov xab npum ntawm qhov loj yog nqa tawm hauv cov chaw tsim tshuaj ntxuav tes tshwj xeeb. Nyob ntawd, raws li kev npaj ua ntej thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab cov qauv tsim, kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau cov ntawv luam ntawm cov khoom, ob qho tib si khoom thiab ua kua, tau pib. Cov chains thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb yog raws li hauv qab no:
- neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm dej qab zib tshauv thiab roj hydrolysis khoom (carboxylic acids);
- sib cuam tshuam nrog caustic soda lossis caustic soda;
- alkaline hydrolysis ntawm triglycerides.
Txawm li cas los xij, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov xab npum sib txawv raws li lawv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
History of xab npum
Tseem paub tias tib neeg paub txog kev ua xab npum ntau tshaj 6 txhiab xyoo dhau los, uas yog ua ntej peb lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, tshauv tau boiled nrog ntxiv ntawm cov rog thiab cov khoom xav tau. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas cov tiam tom ntej txuas ntxiv ua rau ntau pua xyoo ua ke.
Hauv Tebchaws Europe, kev tsim cov xab npum tsis muaj zog, vim tsis muaj leej twg saib xyuas kev huv ntawm lawv lub cev, suav tias yog kev txaj muag. Thiab tsuas yog txij li xyoo pua 18th ua xab npum ua tau nce mus txog qhov kawg. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tsim tau yooj yim tau tsim, cov roj tsw qab thiab cov emollients suav nrog hauv xab npum, nws ua ntau haiv neeg thiab qab ntxiag siv.
Handmade
Yuav ua li cas xab npumnrog koj txhais tes? Nws puas ua tau? Cov lus teb tsis meej: yog, nws yog ua tau. Niaj hnub no muaj coob tus tau ua lawv lub tsev ua lag luam thiab tau nyiaj zoo heev los ntawm nws.
Yog koj muaj lub tswv yim zoo, muaj tswv yim thiab muaj tswv yim ntawm kev xav, ob txhais tes dexterous, muaj lub siab xav thiab chav ua haujlwm, ces ua xab npum yuav tsis nyuaj.
Homemade xab npum technology
Muaj peb txoj hauv kev los npaj cov khoom yam tsis tawm hauv tsev.
- Muas qhov tshwj xeeb npaj ua hauv paus rau kev tsim khoom. Qhov no yog ib qho yooj yim, pheej yig thiab ceev kev xaiv, yuav ua li cas ua xab npum nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes. Lub hauv paus no tsuas yog xav tau koj lub tswv yim thiab qhov sib ntxiv ntawm qhov tsim nyog flavours thiab dyes. Nws yog yas thiab yooj yim los tuav, nws tuaj yeem muab txhua yam duab. Tsis tas li, yog tias xav tau, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom pob tshab.
- Yuav cov xab npum npaj tau yam tsis muaj fragrances, dyes thiab aromatic additives. Piv txwv li, menyuam yaus. Tom qab ntawd grind, yaj hauv da dej, thiab tom qab ntawd ua raws li thawj kis.
- Ua noj los ntawm kos. Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab kev siv sijhawm. Muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam tau piav qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev ua haujlwm nrog alkalis yuav tsum tau ua nrog ceev faj heev. Thiab tsis nyob hauv tsev, tab sis hauv chav tshwj xeeb.
