Lub xeev tag nrho yog dab tsi? Aggregate lub xeev ntawm teeb meem

Cov txheej txheem:

Lub xeev tag nrho yog dab tsi? Aggregate lub xeev ntawm teeb meem
Lub xeev tag nrho yog dab tsi? Aggregate lub xeev ntawm teeb meem
Anonim

Cov lus nug txog lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke yog dab tsi, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom muaj dab tsi muaj cov khoom khib nyiab, kua thiab roj, suav nrog hauv ntau qhov kev cob qhia. Muaj peb lub xeev classical ntawm teeb meem, nrog rau lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv. Lawv txoj kev nkag siab yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntiaj teb, cov kab mob muaj sia, thiab kev tsim khoom. Cov lus nug no yog kawm los ntawm physics, chemistry, geography, geology, lub cev chemistry thiab lwm yam kev qhuab qhia scientific. Cov khoom uas nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm peb hom ntawm lub xeev muaj peev xwm hloov nrog nce los yog txo nyob rau hauv kub los yog siab. Xav txog kev hloov pauv tau los ntawm ib lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau mus rau lwm qhov, raws li lawv tau ua hauv qhov xwm txheej, thev naus laus zis thiab lub neej txhua hnub.

Lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau yog dab tsi?

Lo lus Latin keeb kwm "aggrego" txhais ua lus Lavxias txhais tau tias "txuas". Lub sij hawm scientific hais txog lub xeev ntawm tib lub cev, khoom. Muaj nyob ntawm qee qhov ntsuas kub thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv,gases thiab kua yog yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov plhaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Ntxiv rau peb lub xeev aggregate, tseem muaj plaub. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias tas li, cov pa roj hloov mus rau hauv cov ntshav. Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua tias lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke yog dab tsi, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov khoom me tshaj plaws uas tsim cov tshuaj thiab lub cev.

aggregate xeev yog dab tsi
aggregate xeev yog dab tsi

Daim duab saum toj no qhia tias: a - roj; b - kua; c yog lub cev muaj zog. Hauv cov duab zoo li no, cov voj voog qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no yog lub cim, qhov tseeb, atoms, molecules, ions tsis yog pob khoom. Atoms muaj xws li ib tug zoo nqi nucleus nyob ib ncig ntawm uas tsis zoo them electrons txav ntawm kev kub ceev. Kev paub txog cov qauv microscopic ntawm cov teeb meem pab kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov sib txawv uas muaj nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv.

Cov Lus Qhia ntawm microcosm: los ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws mus rau xyoo pua 17th

Thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom uas ua rau lub cev lub cev tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub. Cov neeg xav Democritus thiab Epicurus tau qhia txog lub tswv yim zoo li lub atom. Lawv ntseeg tias cov khoom me me uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv no muaj cov duab, qee qhov ntau thiab tsawg, muaj peev xwm txav tau thiab sib cuam tshuam. Atomistics tau dhau los ua qhov kev qhia siab tshaj plaws ntawm Greek thaum ub rau nws lub sijhawm. Tab sis nws txoj kev loj hlob qeeb zuj zus nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov kws tshawb fawb raug tsim txom los ntawm Inquisition ntawm lub Koom Txoos Roman Catholic. Yog li ntawd, txog niaj hnub no, tsis muaj lub tswv yim meej ntawm lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov teeb meem yog dab tsi. Tsuas yog tom qab xyoo pua 17thCov kws tshawb fawb R. Boyle, M. Lomonosov, D. D alton, A. Lavoisier tsim cov kev cai ntawm atomic-molecular txoj kev xav, uas tsis tau poob lawv qhov tseem ceeb txawm hnub no.

Atoms, molecules, ions yog microscopic hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem

Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab txog microcosm tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ua ntej, nws muaj peev xwm muab tso ua ke ib daim duab sib haum xeeb ntawm microworld. Cov kev xav piav qhia txog lub xeev thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov me me ntawm cov teeb meem yog qhov nyuaj heev; lawv koom nrog thaj tsam ntawm quantum physics. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xwm txheej sib txawv, nws txaus kom paub cov npe thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tsim cov khoom sib txawv.

  1. Atoms yog tshuaj lom neeg tsis pom kev. Khaws nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tab sis puas nyob rau hauv nuclear. Cov hlau thiab ntau lwm yam khoom ntawm cov qauv atomic muaj lub zog ntawm kev sib sau ua ke raws li ib txwm muaj.
  2. Molecules yog cov khoom uas tawg thiab tsim hauv tshuaj lom neeg. Cov qauv molecular muaj oxygen, dej, carbon dioxide, sulfur. Lub xeev tag nrho ntawm oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon, oxygen nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj yog gaseous.
  3. Ions yog them cov khoom uas atoms thiab molecules tig mus rau hauv thaum lawv nce lossis poob electrons - microscopic negatively charged particles. Ntau cov ntsev muaj cov qauv ionic, piv txwv li, lub rooj ntsev, hlau thiab tooj liab sulfate.

Muaj cov khoom uas nws cov khoom tau teem rau hauv ib txoj hauv kev. Order tus txheeb ze txoj hauj lwmatoms, ions, molecules yog hu ua crystal lattice. Feem ntau ionic thiab atomic siv lead ua lattices yog tsim rau cov khoom khib nyiab, molecular - rau cov kua thiab roj. Pob zeb diamond muaj siab hardness. Nws atomic crystal lattice yog tsim los ntawm carbon atoms. Tab sis mos graphite kuj muaj cov atom ntawm cov tshuaj no. Tsuas yog lawv nyob txawv ntawm qhov chaw. Lub xeev ib txwm sib sau ua ke ntawm leej faj yog cov khoom, tab sis ntawm qhov kub siab, cov khoom hloov mus ua kua thiab amorphous pawg.

lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm sulfur
lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm sulfur

Cov khoom hauv lub xeev sib sau ua ke

Lub cev muaj zog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm khaws lawv cov ntim thiab cov duab. Piv txwv li, ib tug grain ntawm xuab zeb, ib tug grain ntawm qab zib, ntsev, ib daim ntawm pob zeb los yog hlau. Yog hais tias qab zib yog rhuab, cov khoom pib yaj, tig mus rau hauv cov kua xim av nplaum. Nres cua sov - dua peb tau txais cov khoom khov. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom mus rau hauv cov kua yog nws cov cua sov lossis qhov nce hauv lub zog sab hauv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm ntsev, uas yog siv rau hauv cov zaub mov, kuj tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Tab sis kom yaj lub rooj ntsev, koj xav tau qhov kub thiab txias dua li thaum cua sov qab zib. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov piam thaj muaj cov molecules, thiab cov ntsev ntsev muaj cov ions them, uas muaj kev sib nyiam sib nyiam heev. Cov khoom hauv cov kua dej tsis khaws lawv cov duab vim tias cov iav siv lead ua tawg.

Cov kua hauv lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm ntsev thaum lub sij hawm melting yog piav qhia los ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm ions hauv cov muaju. raug tso tawmcov khoom uas muaj peev xwm nqa tau hluav taws xob. Molten ntsev ua hluav taws xob thiab yog cov conductors. Hauv kev lag luam chemical, metallurgical thiab engineering, cov khib nyiab tau hloov mus rau hauv cov kua kom tau cov khoom sib txuas tshiab los ntawm lawv los yog muab cov duab sib txawv. Hlau alloys yog dav siv. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev kom tau txais lawv, cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv raw.

lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm ntsev
lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm ntsev

Kua yog ib lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke

Yog tias koj nchuav 50 ml dej rau hauv lub khob ntim hauv qab, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov tshuaj tam sim ntawd siv rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum peb ncuav dej tawm ntawm lub khob, cov kua yuav tam sim ntawd kis mus rau saum lub rooj. Lub ntim ntawm cov dej yuav nyob twj ywm tib yam - 50 ml, thiab nws cov duab yuav hloov. Cov yam ntxwv no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kua daim ntawv ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov teeb meem. Cov kua dej muaj ntau yam organic: cawv, zaub roj, acids.

Mis yog ib qho emulsion, piv txwv li cov kua uas muaj cov tee roj. Ib qho dej ntxhia muaj txiaj ntsig yog roj. Nws yog muab rho tawm los ntawm lub qhov dej siv drilling rigs ntawm av thiab hauv dej hiav txwv. Dej hiav txwv kuj yog cov khoom siv raw rau kev lag luam. Nws qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej tshiab ntawm cov dej ntws thiab cov pas dej nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj yaj, feem ntau yog ntsev. Thaum lub sij hawm evaporation ntawm lub cev dej, tsuas yog H2O molecules dhau mus rau hauv lub xeev vapor, cov kuab tshuaj tseem nyob. Cov txheej txheem kom tau txais cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm dej hiav txwv thiab cov txheej txheem rau nws cov purification yog raws li cov cuab yeej no.

ThaumKev tshem tawm tag nrho cov ntsev, dej distilled yog tau. Nws boils ntawm 100 ° C thiab khov ntawm 0 ° C. Cov brines boils thiab tig mus rau hauv dej khov ntawm qhov sib txawv kub. Piv txwv li, dej hauv hiav txwv Arctic khov ntawm qhov kub ntawm 2 ° C.

Lub xeev tag nrho ntawm mercury nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj yog kua. Qhov no silver-grey hlau feem ntau yog ntim nrog cov ntsuas kub kho mob. Thaum rhuab, kem ntawm mercury nce ntawm qhov ntsuas, cov khoom nthuav dav. Vim li cas cov ntsuas kub hauv txoj kev siv cov cawv liab-tinted thiab tsis muaj mercury? Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov kua hlau. Thaum 30-degree frosts, tag nrho lub xeev ntawm mercury hloov, cov khoom yuav ua tau ruaj khov.

Yog tias lub ntsuas kub ntsuas kho mob tawg thiab mercury nchuav tawm, nws yog qhov txaus ntshai rau khaws cov pob nyiaj nrog koj txhais tes. Nws yog teeb meem rau nqus mercury vapor, cov khoom no yog tshuaj lom heev. Cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum nrhiav kev pab los ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv, cov laus.

aggregate lub xeev ntawm mercury
aggregate lub xeev ntawm mercury

Gas state

Gases tsis tuaj yeem khaws lawv cov ntim lossis cov duab. Sau lub khob rau saum nrog cov pa oxygen (nws cov qauv tshuaj yog O 2). Thaum peb qhib lub hwj, cov molecules ntawm cov khoom yuav pib sib tov nrog huab cua hauv chav. Qhov no yog vim Brownian motion. Txawm tias tus kws tshawb fawb Greek thaum ub Democritus ntseeg tias cov khoom ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv tas li mus. Hauv cov khoom khib nyiab, nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj, atoms, molecules, ions tsis muaj lub sijhawm los tawm hauv cov iav siv lead ua, kom tso lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog lwm cov khoom. Qhov no tsuas yog ua tau thaumLub zog loj ntawm sab nraud.

Hauv cov kua, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov khoom yog me ntsis ntau dua hauv cov khib nyiab, lawv xav tau lub zog tsawg dua los rhuav tshem cov khoom sib txuas. Piv txwv li, cov kua aggregate lub xeev ntawm cov pa oxygen yog pom tsuas yog thaum cov roj kub poob mus rau -183 ° C. Ntawm −223°C, O2 molecules tsim ib qho khoom. Thaum qhov kub siab tshaj qhov muab qhov tseem ceeb, oxygen hloov mus rau hauv cov pa roj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no uas nws nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob. Ntawm cov tuam txhab kev lag luam, muaj kev teeb tsa tshwj xeeb rau kev sib cais huab cua hauv huab cua thiab tau txais nitrogen thiab oxygen los ntawm nws. Ua ntej, huab cua txias thiab liquefied, thiab ces qhov kub thiab txias yog maj mam nce. Nitrogen thiab oxygen tig mus rau hauv cov pa hauv qhov sib txawv.

Lub ntiaj teb huab cua muaj 21% oxygen thiab 78% nitrogen los ntawm ntim. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv kua, cov tshuaj no tsis pom nyob rau hauv lub gaseous hnab ntawv ntawm lub ntiaj chaw. Cov pa oxygen ua kua muaj lub teeb xiav xim thiab tau ntim rau hauv lub tog raj kheej rau kev siv hauv cov chaw kho mob. Hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tsim kho, cov roj liquefied yog tsim nyog rau ntau cov txheej txheem. Oxygen yog xav tau rau cov roj vuam thiab txiav cov hlau, nyob rau hauv chemistry - rau oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm inorganic thiab organic tshuaj. Yog tias koj qhib lub valve ntawm lub tog raj kheej oxygen, lub siab txo qis, cov kua hloov mus ua roj.

Liquefied propane, methane thiab butane tau siv dav hauv lub zog, thauj, kev lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev. Cov tshuaj no tau txais los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide los yog tawg(splitting) ntawm cov roj crude. Carbon kua thiab gaseous sib tov ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam ntawm ntau lub teb chaws. Tab sis roj thiab natural gas reserves yog depleted heev. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov khoom siv raw no yuav kav ntev txog 100-120 xyoo. Lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub zog yog cua ntws (cua). Cov dej ntws ceev ceev, dej ntws ntawm ntug hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv yog siv los ua cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob.

aggregate lub xeev ntawm oxygen
aggregate lub xeev ntawm oxygen

Oxygen, zoo li lwm cov pa roj, tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv plaub lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, sawv cev rau lub plasma. Ib qho kev hloov pauv txawv txav los ntawm cov khoom mus rau lub xeev gaseous yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm crystalline iodine. Cov tshuaj liab liab tsaus ua rau sublimation - hloov mus rau hauv cov pa roj, hla lub xeev ua kua.

Kev hloov pauv ntawm ib daim ntawv sib sau ua ke mus rau lwm qhov ua tau li cas?

Kev hloov pauv hauv lub xeev tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj hloov pauv, cov no yog lub cev tshwm sim. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias, ntau cov khib nyiab yaj thiab tig mus ua kua. Qhov kub nce ntxiv tuaj yeem ua rau evaporation, uas yog, mus rau lub xeev gaseous ntawm cov khoom. Hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab kev lag luam, cov kev hloov pauv no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb. Ice, kua, chav dej yog lub xeev ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv txawv lwm yam kev mob. Lub compound yog tib yam, nws cov qauv yog H2O. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 0 ° C thiab qis dua tus nqi no, dej crystallizes, uas yog, nws hloov mus rau hauv dej khov. Thaum qhov kub nce siab, cov khoom siv lead ua tau raug rhuav tshem - cov dej khov yaj, cov dej tau rov qab tau dua. Thaum nws yog rhuab, dej vapor yog tsim. Evaporation -kev hloov pauv ntawm dej rau hauv cov pa roj - mus txawm tias qhov kub thiab txias. Piv txwv li, cov dej khov nab kuab maj mam ploj mus vim cov dej evaporates. Txawm nyob hauv huab cua txias, cov khaub ncaws ntub dej qhuav, tab sis cov txheej txheem no siv sijhawm ntev dua rau hnub kub.

Txhua qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm dej ntawm ib lub xeev mus rau lwm qhov tseem ceeb heev rau lub ntiaj teb. Atmospheric phenomena, kev nyab xeeb thiab huab cua yog txuam nrog cov evaporation ntawm cov dej los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv, kev hloov ntawm noo noo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm huab thiab pos huab mus rau av, nag lossis daus (los nag, daus, hail). Cov phenomena no tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntiaj teb dej voj voog nyob rau hauv xwm.

lub xeev qhov teeb meem
lub xeev qhov teeb meem

Cov xeev tag nrho ntawm leej faj hloov li cas?

Raws li ib txwm muaj, leej faj yog cov ci ntsa iab ci los yog lub teeb daj hmoov, piv txwv li nws yog ib qho khoom. Lub xeev tag nrho ntawm sulfur hloov thaum rhuab. Ua ntej, thaum qhov kub nce mus txog 190 ° C, cov khoom daj melts, tig mus rau hauv cov kua mobile.

Yog tias koj nchuav cov kua sulfur sai rau hauv dej txias, koj tau txais cov xim av amorphous. Nrog rau cua sov ntxiv ntawm cov sulfur yaj, nws ua ntau dua thiab ntau dua thiab ua kom tsaus. Ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 300 ° C, lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov sulfur hloov dua, cov khoom tau txais cov khoom ntawm cov kua, ua cov khoom txawb. Cov kev hloov pauv no tshwm sim vim muaj peev xwm ntawm lub caij lub atoms los tsim cov chains ntawm qhov ntev sib txawv.

Vim li cas cov tshuaj tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub cev sib txawv?

Lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm leej faj - ib yam khoom yooj yim - yog cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj. Sulfur dioxide - gas, sulfuric acid -oily kua hnyav dua dej. Tsis zoo li hydrochloric thiab nitric acids, nws tsis yog volatile; molecules tsis evaporate los ntawm nws nto. Lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov yas sulfur yog dab tsi, uas tau txais los ntawm cov khoom siv cua sov?

Hauv daim ntawv amorphous, cov khoom muaj cov qauv ntawm cov kua, nrog me ntsis fluidity. Tab sis yas sulfur ib txhij khaws nws cov duab (raws li cov khoom). Muaj cov kua siv lead ua kua uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom khib nyiab. Yog li, lub xeev ntawm cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob nyob ntawm nws qhov xwm, kub, siab thiab lwm yam sab nraud.

gaseous xeev ntawm teeb meem
gaseous xeev ntawm teeb meem

Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv hauv cov qauv ntawm cov khib nyiab?

Qhov sib txawv uas twb muaj lawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib sau ua ke ntawm cov teeb meem tau piav qhia los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm atoms, ions thiab molecules. Piv txwv li, vim li cas cov khoom sib sau ua ke ua rau lub cev muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov ntim thiab cov duab? Nyob rau hauv cov iav siv lead ua ntawm cov hlau los yog ntsev, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tau sib nyiam. Nyob rau hauv cov hlau, zoo ions ions cuam tshuam nrog lub thiaj li hu ua "electron gas" - lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm dawb electrons nyob rau hauv ib daim hlau. S alt crystals tshwm sim vim qhov attraction ntawm oppositely them hais - ions. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no ntawm cov khib nyiab yog ntau me dua qhov loj ntawm cov khoom lawv tus kheej. Hauv qhov no, electrostatic attraction ua, nws muab lub zog, thiab repulsion tsis muaj zog txaus.

Txhawm rau rhuav tshem lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov teeb meem, nws yog qhov tsim nyogua ib qho kev rau siab. Cov hlau, ntsev, atomic crystals yaj thaum kub heev. Piv txwv li, hlau ua kua ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 1538 ° C. Tungsten yog refractory thiab yog siv los ua incandescent filaments rau qhov muag teev. Muaj cov hlau nplaum uas ua kua ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 3000 ° C. Ntau pob zeb thiab pob zeb hauv ntiaj teb yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ruaj khov. Cov khoom siv raw no tau muab rho tawm nrog kev pab ntawm cov cuab yeej hauv mines thiab quarries.

solid state of matter
solid state of matter

Txhawm rau tshem tawm txawm tias ib qho ion los ntawm cov siv lead ua, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv lub zog loj. Tab sis tom qab tag nrho, nws yog txaus kom yaj ntsev nyob rau hauv dej rau cov siv lead ua lattice kom disintegrate! Qhov tshwm sim no tau piav qhia los ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov dej ua cov kuab tshuaj polar. H2O molecules cuam tshuam nrog ntsev ions, rhuav tshem cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lawv. Yog li, kev sib cais tsis yog ib qho yooj yim sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, tab sis kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lawv.

Cov kua dej molecules cuam tshuam li cas?

Dej tuaj yeem ua kua, khoom thiab roj (chaw). Cov no yog nws lub xeev tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib sau ua ke raws li ib txwm muaj. Cov dej molecules yog tsim los ntawm ib qho oxygen atom nrog ob lub hydrogen atoms sib txuas rau nws. Muaj ib tug polarization ntawm cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub molecule, ib feem tsis zoo nqi tshwm nyob rau hauv cov pa atoms. Hydrogen ua tus ncej zoo nyob rau hauv lub molecule thiab yog attracted rau oxygen atom ntawm lwm molecule. Lub zog tsis muaj zog no hu ua "hydrogen bond".

Lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua cimQhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov qauv sib piv nrog lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Lub attraction muaj, tab sis nws tsis muaj zog, yog li cov dej tsis khaws nws cov duab. Vaporization tshwm sim vim kev puas tsuaj ntawm daim ntawv cog lus, uas tshwm sim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov kua txawm nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub.

dej tej yam kev mob
dej tej yam kev mob

Puas muaj kev sib cuam tshuam hauv nruab nrab hauv cov pa roj?

Lub xeev gaseous ntawm cov teeb meem txawv ntawm cov kua thiab cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm tsis. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov pa roj muaj qhov sib txawv loj, ntau dua qhov loj ntawm cov molecules. Hauv qhov no, lub zog ntawm kev nyiam tsis ua haujlwm txhua. Lub gaseous lub xeev ntawm aggregation yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide. Hauv daim duab hauv qab no, thawj lub voos xwmfab yog ntim nrog roj, qhov thib ob nrog cov kua, thiab qhov thib peb nrog cov khoom.

lub xeev ntawm aggregation nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob
lub xeev ntawm aggregation nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob

Ntau cov kua yog volatile, molecules ntawm ib yam khoom tawg tawm ntawm lawv nto thiab dhau mus rau saum huab cua. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj nqa paj rwb swab dipped nyob rau hauv ammonia rau qhov qhib lub raj mis ntawm hydrochloric acid, cov pa luam yeeb dawb tshwm. Txoj cai nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm hydrochloric acid thiab ammonia, ammonium chloride tau txais. Lub xeev ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv dab tsi? Nws cov khoom, uas tsim cov pa luam yeeb dawb, yog cov khoom siv me tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntsev. Qhov kev sim no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub hood fume, cov tshuaj yog tshuaj lom.

Zoo kawg

Lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov roj tau kawm los ntawm ntau tus kws kho mob zoo thiab kws tshuaj: Avogadro, Boyle, Gay-Lussac,Klaiperon, Mendeleev, Le Chatelier. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov kev cai lij choj uas piav qhia txog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tshuaj gaseous hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum muaj xwm txheej sab nraud hloov. Qhib tsis tu ncua tsis tsuas yog nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv ntawm physics thiab chemistry. Ntau yam kev lag luam tshuaj yog ua raws li kev paub txog tus cwj pwm thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom hauv ntau lub xeev.

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