Yuav nyuaj nrhiav tus neeg uas tsis paub txog hluav taws xob. Tab sis nrhiav ib tus neeg paub txog keeb kwm ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom yog qhov nyuaj dua. Leej twg nrhiav tau hluav taws xob? Qhov no tshwm sim yog dab tsi?
me ntsis txog hluav taws xob
Lub tswv yim ntawm "hluav taws xob" qhia txog daim ntawv ntawm kev txav ntawm cov teeb meem, npog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Lub sij hawm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1600 los ntawm lo lus "electron", uas yog txhais los ntawm Greek li "amber". Tus sau lub tswvyim no yog William Gilbert, tus txiv neej uas nrhiav tau hluav taws xob nyob teb chaws Europe.
Lub tswv yim no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, tsis yog kev tsim khoom tsim, tab sis yog ib qho tshwm sim cuam tshuam nrog cov cuab yeej ntawm qee lub cev. Yog li ntawd, lo lus nug: "Leej twg nrhiav tau hluav taws xob?" - tsis yooj yim teb. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm xob laim, uas yog vim lub sib txawv nqi ntawm lub sab sauv thiab qis txheej ntawm lub ntiaj chaw cua.
Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj lub neej, vim tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb yog ua tsaug rau hluav taws xob impulses. Qee cov ntses, xws li rays thiab eels, tsim hluav taws xob los tua tsiaj los yog yeeb ncuab. Ntau cov nroj tsuag, xws li venus flytrap,bashful mimosa kuj muaj peev xwm tsim hluav taws xob tawm.
Leej twg nrhiav tau hluav taws xob?
Muaj kev xav tias tib neeg kawm hluav taws xob hauv Suav teb thaum ub thiab Is Nrias teb. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev lees paub txog qhov no. Nws yog qhov ntseeg tau ntau dua los ntseeg tias tus kws tshawb fawb Greek thaum ub Thales pom hluav taws xob zoo li qub.
Nws yog ib tug neeg txawj lej thiab tus kws txawj ntse, nyob hauv lub nroog Miletus, kwv yees li ntawm VI-V centuries BC. Nws ntseeg tau tias Thales nrhiav tau cov cuab yeej ntawm amber kom nyiam cov khoom me me, xws li plaub lossis plaub hau, yog tias rubbed nrog ntaub plaub. Tsis muaj daim ntawv thov raug pom zoo rau qhov tshwm sim, thiab nws tau tso tseg yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas.
Nyob rau xyoo 1600, tus neeg Askiv Askiv William Gilbert tau luam tawm ib txoj haujlwm ntawm lub cev sib nqus, uas muab cov lus tseeb txog qhov muaj feem xyuam ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab hluav taws xob, thiab tseem muab pov thawj tias lwm yam minerals, piv txwv li, opal, amethyst, pob zeb diamond, tuaj yeem ua tau. hluav taws xob, tsuas yog amber, sapphire. Tus kws tshawb fawb hu ua lub cev muaj peev xwm ua tau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, thiab cov cuab yeej nws tus kheej - hluav taws xob. Nws yog nws thawj zaug hais tias xob laim txuas nrog hluav taws xob.
Kev sim hluav taws xob
Tom qab Gilbert, German burgomaster Otto von Guericke tau tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no. Txawm hais tias nws tsis yog tus thawj zaug nrhiav tau hluav taws xob, nws tseem muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Otto tau los ua tus sau ntawm lub tshuab electrostatic, uas zoo li lub pob sulfur tig rau ntawm tus pas hlau. Ua tsaug rau qhov invention, nws muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau hais tias electrifiedlub cev tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog nyiam, tab sis kuj tawm tsam. Lub burgomaster txoj kev tshawb fawb tsim lub hauv paus ntawm electrostatics.
Ua raws li kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog siv lub tshuab electrostatic. Stephen Grey hauv 1729 tau hloov Guericke lub cuab yeej, hloov lub pob sulfur nrog ib lub khob, thiab, txuas ntxiv qhov kev sim, nrhiav pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws xob conductivity. Ib me ntsis tom qab, Charles Du Fay pom muaj ob hom nqi - los ntawm iav thiab los ntawm resins.
Xyoo 1745, Pieter van Muschenbroek thiab Jurgen von Kleist, ntseeg tias cov dej sib sau ua ke, tsim lub "Leyden hub" - lub ntiaj teb thawj lub taub hau. Benjamin Franklin hais tias nws tsis yog dej uas sau nqi, tab sis iav. Nws kuj qhia cov ntsiab lus "ntxiv" thiab "tshem tawm" rau cov nqi hluav taws xob, "capacitor", "charge" thiab "conductor".
Zoo discoveries
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, hluav taws xob tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tam sim no kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev kawm ntawm cov txheej txheem dynamic thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom. Muaj hluav taws xob nkag mus rau qhov chaw.
Xyoo 1791, Galvani hais txog qhov muaj hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev, uas muaj nyob hauv cov leeg nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj. Ua raws li nws, Alessandro Volta tau tsim ib lub cell galvanic - ib kab volt. Nws yog thawj qhov ncaj qha tam sim no. Yog li, Volta yog tus kws tshawb fawb uas rov tshawb pom hluav taws xob, vim tias nws qhov kev tsim kho tau pib ua haujlwm rau kev siv hluav taws xob ntau thiab siv tau.
Nyob rau hauv 1802 Vasily Petrov nrhiav pom lub voltaic arc. Antoine Nollet tsim ib lub tshuab electroscope thiab tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1809, lub Physicist Delarue tau tsim lub teeb incandescent.
Tom ntej no, kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab hluav taws xob tau kawm. Ohm, Lenz, Gauss, Ampere, Joule, Faraday tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Lub tom kawg tsim thawj lub zog hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog, nrhiav pom txoj cai ntawm electrolysis thiab electromagnetic induction.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, Maxwell (txoj kev xav ntawm electromagnetic phenomena), Curie (poob piezoelectricity), Thomson (nrhiav cov electron) thiab ntau lwm tus kuj koom nrog kev tshawb fawb txog hluav taws xob.
Zoo kawg
Tau kawg, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais nrog qhov tseeb tias leej twg pom hluav taws xob tiag tiag. Qhov tshwm sim no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, thiab nws yog qhov ua tau tias nws tau pom txawm tias ua ntej Thales. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xws li William Gilbert, Otto von Guericke, Volta thiab Galvani, Ohm, Amp tau pab txhawb peb lub neej niaj hnub no.
