Txij li nruab nrab ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los, ib lo lus tshiab tau los rau hauv science - hluav taws xob. Nws qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb thiab tau tso cai pov tseg qee qhov Newtonian theories thiab ua qhov kev xav zoo txog cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nws tsim thiab peb qhov chaw hauv nws. Tab sis qhov ntawd yog txhua yam rau cov kws tshaj lij. Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tsuas yog hnia thiab sim muab cov kev paub sib txawv ntawm qhov kev kawm no. Kev cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem yog qhov tseeb tias muaj ob peb chav ntsuas hluav taws xob, thiab tag nrho lawv tsim nyog.
Terminology
thawj lo lus kom paub yog, qhov tseeb, hluav taws xob. Qhov no yog lub npe muab rau cov txheej txheem ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm qee yam khoom ntawm cov khoom me me, xws li electrons, protons, neutrons, helium atoms thiab lwm yam. Nyob ntawm seb hom particle, cov khoom ntawm hluav taws xob sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Radiation yog pom thaum lub sij hawm lwj ntawm cov khoom mus rau hauv ib qho yooj yim, los yog thaum lawv synthesis.
Radiation units yog cov lus pom zoo uas qhia tias muaj pes tsawg lub ntsiab lus raug tso tawm los ntawm qhov teeb meem. Tam sim no, physics ua haujlwm ntawm tsev neegtxawv units thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas. Qhov no tso cai rau koj piav qhia txog ntau yam txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nrog teeb meem.
Radioactive decay yog ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv ntawm cov atomic nuclei tsis ruaj khov los ntawm kev tso cov microparticles.
Qhov kev lwj tas mus li yog lub tswv yim txheeb cais uas kwv yees qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub atom raug rhuav tshem nyob rau lub sijhawm.
Ib nrab-lub neej yog lub sijhawm lub sijhawm uas ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lwj. Rau qee lub ntsiab lus, nws suav nrog hauv feeb, thaum rau lwm tus nws yog xyoo, thiab txawm tias kaum xyoo.
Yuav ntsuas hluav taws xob li cas
Radiation units tsis yog tib qho uas siv los ntsuas cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Ntxiv rau lawv, xws li cov khoom siv xws li:
- kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hluav taws xob;- flux ntom ntom (tus naj npawb ntawm ionizing hais ib cheeb tsam).
Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev piav qhia ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom nyob thiab cov khoom tsis muaj sia. Yog li, yog tias cov khoom tsis muaj sia, ces cov ntsiab lus siv rau nws:
- koob tshuaj nqus;- koob tshuaj.
Yog tias cov hluav taws xob cuam tshuam cov ntaub so ntswg nyob, ces cov lus hauv qab no yog siv:
- koob tshuaj sib npaug;
- koob tshuaj sib npaug;- koob tshuaj.
Cov chav ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas yog, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, tus lej ntsuas tus nqi tau txais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los pab txhawb kev suav thiab tsim cov kev xav thiab kev xav. Tej zaum yog vim li cas thiaj tsis muaj ib qho kev lees paub ntawm kev ntsuas.
Curie
Ib qho ntawm cov hluav taws xob yog cov curie. Nws tsis zwm rau qhov system (tsis yog rau SI system). Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv nuclear physics thiab tshuaj. Qhov kev ua ntawm ib yam khoom yuav sib npaug rau ib qho curie yog 3.7 billion radioactive decays tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws nyob rau hauv ib tug thib ob. Qhov ntawd yog, peb tuaj yeem hais tias ib tus curie sib npaug rau peb txhiab xya puas lab becquerels.
Tus lej no yog vim qhov tseeb tias Marie Curie (uas tau qhia lo lus no rau hauv kev tshawb fawb) tau ua nws qhov kev sim ntawm radium thiab coj nws qhov kev lwj ua rau lub hauv paus. Tab sis dhau sij hawm, physicists txiav txim siab hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom no zoo dua khi rau lwm tus - lub becquerel. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm zam tau qee qhov yuam kev hauv kev suav lej.
Ntxiv rau cov curies, koj tuaj yeem pom ntau ntau lossis submultiples, xws li:
- megacurie (sib npaug rau 3.7 npaug ntawm 10 mus rau 16th hwj chim ntawm becquerels);
- kilocurie (3, 7 txhiab billion becquerels);
- millicurie (37 lab becquerels);- microcurie (37 txhiab becquerels).
Siv chav tsev no, koj tuaj yeem nthuav qhia qhov ntim, nto lossis cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom.
Becquerel
Lub becquerel chav tsev ntawm cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob yog qhov systemic thiab suav nrog International System of Units (SI). Nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, vim tias cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm ib qho becquerel txhais tau hais tias tsuas muaj ib qho hluav taws xob tawg ib pliag hauv qhov teeb meem.
Nws tau txais nws lub npe rau kev hwm ntawm Antoine Henri Becquerel, tus kws kho mob Fab Kis. Lub npe yogpom zoo nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem thiab tseem siv niaj hnub no. Txij li qhov no yog ib chav tsev me me, cov lej lej yog siv los qhia txog kev ua haujlwm: kilo-, milli-, micro- thiab lwm yam.
Tsis ntev los no, cov chav uas tsis yog lub cev xws li curie thiab rutherford tau siv nrog rau becquerels. Ib tug rutherford yog sib npaug rau ib lab becquerels. Nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm volumetric los yog ntog dej num, ib tug yuav nrhiav tau lub npe becquerel ib kilogram, becquerel ib meter (square los yog cubic) thiab lawv ntau yam derivatives.
X-ray
Chav ntsuas ntawm hluav taws xob, X-ray, kuj tsis yog qhov system, txawm hais tias nws tau siv txhua qhov chaw los qhia qhov raug tshuaj ntawm gamma tawg. Ib tug roentgen yog sib npaug rau xws li ib tug hluav taws xob koob tshuaj uas ib tug cubic centimeter ntawm huab cua ntawm tus qauv atmospheric siab thiab xoom kub yog ib tug nqi sib npaug zos rau 3.3(10-10). Qhov no yog sib npaug rau ob lab khub ntawm ions.
Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv txoj cai lij choj ntawm Lavxias Federation feem ntau cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb raug txwv, X-rays tau siv rau hauv qhov cim ntawm dosimeters. Tab sis tam sim no lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob siv, vim nws tau hloov los ua qhov ua tau zoo dua los sau thiab suav txhua yam hauv greys thiab sieverts.
Rad
Chav ntsuas hluav taws xob, rad, nyob sab nraud SI system thiab sib npaug ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas ib lab ntawm ib joule ntawm lub zog hloov mus rau ib gram ntawm cov khoom. Ntawd yog, ib qho rad yog 0.01 joule ib kilogram ntawm teeb meem.
Cov khoom uas nqus tau lub zog tuaj yeem yog cov ntaub so ntswg nyob lossis lwm yam organic thiabinorganic tshuaj thiab tshuaj: av, dej, huab cua. Raws li ib qho kev ywj pheej, lub rad tau qhia nyob rau hauv 1953 thiab nyob rau hauv Russia muaj cai siv nyob rau hauv physics thiab tshuaj.
Grey
Qhov no yog lwm chav ntsuas rau qib ntawm hluav taws xob, uas tau lees paub los ntawm International System of Units. Nws qhia txog cov koob tshuaj absorbed ntawm hluav taws xob. Ib yam khoom raug suav hais tias tau txais koob tshuaj ntawm ib qho grey yog tias lub zog uas tau pauv nrog hluav taws xob sib npaug rau ib joule ib kilogram.
chav tsev no tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Lewis Grey thiab tau tshaj tawm rau kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1975. Raws li txoj cai, lub npe tag nrho ntawm chav tsev yog sau nrog ib tsab ntawv me me, tab sis nws lub npe hu ua abbreviated. Ib grey yog sib npaug rau ib puas rads. Ntxiv rau qhov yooj yim units, ntau qhov sib npaug thiab submultiple sib npaug kuj tseem siv hauv kev tshawb fawb, xws li kilogray, megagray, decigray, centigray, microgray thiab lwm yam.
Sievert
Lub sievert ntawm hluav taws xob yog siv los qhia txog cov koob tshuaj zoo thiab sib npaug ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab kuj yog ib feem ntawm SI system, xws li grey thiab becquerel. Siv hauv kev tshawb fawb txij li xyoo 1978. Ib sievert yog sib npaug rau lub zog nqus los ntawm ib kilogram ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tom qab raug rau ib qho cua sov ntawm gamma rays. Lub npe ntawm chav tsev yog nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm Rolf Sievert, kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Sweden.
Los ntawm txhais, sieverts thiab greys sib npaug, uas yog, sib npaug thiab nqus cov koob tshuaj muaj qhov sib npaug. Tab sis tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Thaum txiav txim siab qhov sib npaugNws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tsis tsuas yog kom muaj nuj nqis, tab sis kuj muaj lwm yam khoom ntawm cov hluav taws xob, xws li wavelength, amplitude, thiab cov khoom twg sawv cev rau nws. Yog li ntawd, tus naj npawb ntawm cov koob tshuaj absorbed yog muab los ntawm cov hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws.
Yog li, piv txwv li, tag nrho lwm yam sib npaug, cov nyhuv absorbed ntawm alpha hais yuav muaj nees nkaum npaug zog dua li tib koob tshuaj gamma. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account cov ntaub so ntswg coefficient, uas qhia tau hais tias lub cev teb li cas rau hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, cov koob tshuaj sib npaug yog siv hauv xov tooj cua, thiab cov koob tshuaj zoo yog siv hauv kev noj qab haus huv (kom normalize raug hluav taws xob).
Hnub ci tsis tu ncua
Muaj ib txoj kev xav hais tias lub neej ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb tshwm sim vim hnub ci hluav taws xob. Cov units ntawm kev ntsuas hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub qub yog calories thiab watts muab faib los ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm lub sijhawm. Qhov no tau txiav txim siab vim tias tus nqi hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom cua sov uas cov khoom tau txais, thiab qhov kev siv zog uas nws los. Tsuas yog ib nrab lab ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj tau los ntawm lub zog tawm mus txog lub ntiaj teb.
Radiation los ntawm hnub qub propagates nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub teeb ceev thiab nkag mus rau hauv peb cov huab cua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm rays. Lub spectrum ntawm cov hluav taws xob no yog dav heev - los ntawm "dawb suab", uas yog, xov tooj cua tsis, mus rau X-rays. Cov khoom uas tau txais nrog cov hluav taws xob yog cov protons, tab sis qee zaum kuj muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (yog tias lub zog tso tawm loj heev).
Cov hluav taws xob tau txais los ntawm Lub Hnub yog lub zog tsav ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem nyob rauntiaj chaw. Lub zog peb tau txais yog nyob ntawm lub caij nyoog, txoj haujlwm ntawm lub hnub qub saum lub qab ntug, thiab qhov pom tseeb ntawm huab cua.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob rau cov tsiaj muaj sia
Yog tias cov ntaub so ntswg nyob nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam yog irradiated nrog ntau hom hluav taws xob (ntawm tib koob tshuaj thiab siv), cov txiaj ntsig yuav txawv. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim, tsuas yog cov tshuaj absorbed lossis raug tsis txaus, ib yam li cov khoom tsis muaj sia. Cov kab hluav taws xob nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw, xws li sieverts rems thiab greys, uas qhia txog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib npaug.
Sib npaug yog qhov koob tshuaj uas nqus los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyob thiab muab faib los ntawm cov xwm txheej (cov lus) coefficient, uas yuav siv rau hauv tus account tias qhov no lossis hom hluav taws xob txaus ntshai npaum li cas. Qhov kev ntsuas feem ntau siv yog sievert. Ib sievert yog sib npaug rau ib puas rems. Qhov siab dua qhov coefficient, qhov txaus ntshai ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntau dua, feem. Yog li, rau photons qhov no yog ib qho, thiab rau neutrons thiab alpha hais nws yog nees nkaum.
Txij li thaum muaj xwm txheej ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag hauv Russia thiab lwm lub tebchaws CIS, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them rau qib ntawm hluav taws xob raug rau tib neeg. Cov koob tshuaj sib npaug los ntawm cov chaw hluav taws xob ntuj yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj tsib millisieverts ib xyoos.
Kev ua ntawm radionuclides ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj sia
Radioactive particles nqa lub zog uas lawv hloov mus rau qhov teeb meem thaum lawv tsoo nrog nws. Thiab qhov ntau hais tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag ntawm lawv txoj kev nrogib tug npaum li cas ntawm cov teeb meem, lub zog ntau nws yuav tau txais. Nws qhov ntau yog kwv yees nyob rau hauv koob.
- Absorbed koob tshuaj yog tus nqi ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas tau txais los ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm ib yam khoom. Nws yog ntsuas hauv greys. Tus nqi no tsis suav nrog qhov tseeb tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau hom hluav taws xob ntawm cov teeb meem sib txawv.
- koob tshuaj - yog koob tshuaj absorbed, tab sis noj mus rau hauv tus account lub degree ntawm ionization ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm ntau yam xov tooj cua hais. Nws yog ntsuas hauv coulombs ib kilogram lossis roentgens.
