Qhov tseeb tias txhua yam khoom muaj cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau suav tias yog cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Ancient Greece. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov hnub tsis muaj txoj kev los ua pov thawj qhov tseeb no los yog disprove nws. Thiab nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, ib tug tsuas yog kwv yees txog cov khoom ntawm atoms, raws li lawv tus kheej kev soj ntsuam ntawm ntau yam tshuaj.
Nws muaj peev xwm ua pov thawj tias txhua yam khoom muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv xyoo 19th, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis ncaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, physicists thiab chemists thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau sim los tsim ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus, piav txog lawv cov qauv thiab piav qhia ntau yam khoom, xws li tus nqi ntawm cov nucleus.
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm molecules, atoms thiab lawv cov qauv tau mob siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Physics maj mam txav mus rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm microworld - theem pib, lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam thiab cov khoom. Cov kws tshawb fawb pib xav paub seb lub atomic nucleus muaj li cas, muab tso rau hauv kev xav thiab sim ua pov thawj rau lawv, yam tsawg kawg ntawm kev ncaj qha.
BRaws li qhov tshwm sim, lub ntiaj teb qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub atom, tau thov los ntawm Ernest Rutherford thiab Niels Bohr, tau txais los ua qhov kev xav hauv paus. Raws li qhov kev xav no, tus nqi ntawm cov nucleus ntawm ib qho atom yog qhov zoo, thaum tsis zoo them electrons tig hauv nws lub orbits, nws thiaj li ua rau lub atom hluav taws xob nruab nrab. Sij hawm dhau mus, qhov kev xav no tau rov qab lees paub los ntawm ntau qhov kev sim, pib nrog kev sim ntawm ib tus kws sau ntawv.
Niaj hnub nimno nuclear physics suav hais tias Rutherford-Bohr txoj kev xav yog qhov tseem ceeb, txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm atoms thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus yog raws li nws. Ntawm qhov tod tes, feem ntau ntawm cov kev xav uas tau tshwm sim dhau 150 xyoo dhau los tsis tau lees paub qhov tseeb. Nws hloov tawm hais tias feem ntau nuclear physics yog theoretical vim lub ultra-me me ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev kawm.
Tau kawg, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, nws yooj yim dua los txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov nucleus ntawm txhuas, piv txwv li (los yog lwm yam khoom), dua li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, thiab ntau dua - hauv Ancient Greece. Tab sis ua qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab hauv cheeb tsam no, cov kws tshawb fawb qee zaum tuaj txog qhov xav tsis thoob. Sim nrhiav kev daws teeb meem rau ib qho teeb meem, particle physics ntsib teeb meem tshiab thiab paradoxes.
Thawj zaug, Rutherford txoj kev xav tau hais tias cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom yog nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub nucleus ntawm nws lub atom thiab, vim li ntawd, ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm cov hluav taws xob hloov hauv nws lub orbits. Niaj hnub nimno chemistry thiab physics tau lees paub qhov version no. Txawm tias kev kawmCov qauv ntawm cov molecules tau pib ua raws li tus qauv yooj yim tshaj plaws - hydrogen atom, tus nqi hluav taws xob uas yog 1, txoj kev xav tau siv rau txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm, suav nrog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau txais kev tsim tawm ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm. xyoo tas los no.
Nws xav paub tias ntev ua ntej Rutherford txoj kev tshawb fawb, kws tshuaj Askiv, kws kho mob los ntawm kev kawm, William Prout, pom tias qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm ntau yam tshuaj yog ntau yam ntawm qhov muab hydrogen index. Tom qab ntawd nws tau hais tias tag nrho lwm cov ntsiab lus tsuas yog muaj hydrogen ntawm qee qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Uas, piv txwv li, ib tug particle ntawm nitrogen yog 14 xws li me me hais, oxygen yog 16, thiab lwm yam. Yog hais tias peb xav txog qhov kev xav no thoob ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub txhais, feem ntau nws yog lawm.
