Einthoven daim duab peb sab thiab nws kev tsim kho

Cov txheej txheem:

Einthoven daim duab peb sab thiab nws kev tsim kho
Einthoven daim duab peb sab thiab nws kev tsim kho
Anonim

Hnub no, yuav luag txhua tus neeg muaj hnub nyoog 50 xyoo raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qee hom kab mob plawv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev rov zoo ntawm cov kab mob no. Ntawd yog, cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog qis dua 35 xyoo uas muaj myocardial infarction lossis lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm tau nce ntau. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los no, kws kho mob paub txog electrocardiography yog qhov tshwj xeeb.

Einthoven daim duab peb sab yog lub hauv paus ntawm ECG. Yog tias tsis nkag siab nws cov ntsiab lus, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tso cov electrodes kom raug thiab txiav txim siab ntawm electrocardiogram zoo. Kab lus yuav qhia koj tias nws yog dab tsi, yog vim li cas koj thiaj li yuav tsum paub txog nws, yuav tsim nws li cas. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias ECG yog dab tsi.

Electrocardiogram

ECG yog ib qho kev kaw lus hluav taws xob ntawm lub plawv. Qhov txhais tau muab yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Yog tias koj saib hauv paus, ces ib qho cuab yeej tshwj xeeb sau tag nrho cov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg hlwb ntawm lub plawv uas tshwm sim thaum lawv zoo siab.

Piv txwv ntawm ib qho electrocardiogram
Piv txwv ntawm ib qho electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj mob. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog tshuaj rau xav tias mob plawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, ECG yog qhov tsim nyog rau txhua tus neeg uas nkag mus hauv tsev kho mob. Thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem, nws yog tsev kho mob xwm txheej ceevlos yog npaj. Daim cardiogram raug sau tseg rau txhua tus neeg thaum mus kuaj mob, kev npaj kuaj lub cev hauv polyclinic.

Thawj qhov hais txog hluav taws xob impulses tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1862 hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb I. M. Sechenov. Txawm li cas los xij, lub peev xwm los sau lawv tsuas yog tshwm sim nrog kev tsim hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 1867. William Einthoven tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem electrocardiography.

Einthoven yog leej twg?

William Einthoven yog tus kws tshawb fawb Dutch uas thaum muaj hnub nyoog 25 xyoos dhau los ua tus xibfwb, tus thawj coj ntawm chav haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm University of Leiden. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias thaum xub thawj nws tau koom nrog ophthalmology, ua kev tshawb fawb, tau sau ib daim ntawv pov thawj kws kho mob hauv cheeb tsam no. Tom qab ntawd nws kawm txog kev ua pa.

Nyob rau xyoo 1889, nws tau mus koom lub rooj sib tham thoob ntiaj teb ntawm physiology, qhov chaw nws thawj zaug tau paub txog cov txheej txheem rau kev ua electrocardiography. Tom qab qhov xwm txheej no, Einthoven txiav txim siab los tuav nrog kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej uas sau cov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv, nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej.

Major discoveries

Thaum nws kawm txog electrocardiography, William Einthoven tau qhia ntau lub ntsiab lus uas tag nrho cov zej zog kho mob siv rau niaj hnub no.

Tus kws tshawb fawb yog thawj tus qhia lub tswv yim ntawm P, Q, R, S, T nthwv dej. Tam sim no nws nyuaj rau xav txog ECG daim ntawv yam tsis muaj kev piav qhia meej ntawm txhua tus hniav: amplitude, polarity, dav. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm lawv cov txiaj ntsig, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv tus kheej ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj mob plawv.

Hauv xyoo 1906, hauv ib tsab xov xwm hauv phau ntawv kho mob, Einthoven tau piav qhia txog ib txoj hauv kev sau ECG ntawmnyob deb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau qhia txog qhov muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hloov hauv electrocardiogram thiab qee yam kab mob plawv. Ntawd yog, rau txhua tus kab mob, cov yam ntxwv hloov pauv hauv ECG tau txiav txim siab. Raws li piv txwv, ECG ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj txoj cai ventricular hypertrophy nrog mitral valve insufficiency, sab laug ventricular hypertrophy nrog aortic valve insufficiency, ntau qib ntawm blockade ntawm impulse conduction nyob rau hauv lub plawv tau siv.

Einthoven's Daim duab peb sab

Nyob rau xyoo 1913, ib tug kws tshawb fawb hauv nws tsab xov xwm luam tawm tau qhia tias siv 3 tus qauv coj mus sau ib qho electrocardiogram, uas yog daim duab peb sab sib npaug, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm uas yog lub plawv raws li qhov tam sim no.

Einthoven daim duab peb sab
Einthoven daim duab peb sab

Ua ntej tsim daim duab peb sab Einthoven, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tso cov electrodes kom raug. Cov hluav taws xob liab txuas nrog sab tes xis, cov hluav taws xob daj txuas rau sab laug, thiab cov hluav taws xob ntsuab txuas rau sab laug ceg. Ib tug dub, grounding electrode muab tso rau ntawm sab xis sab xis.

Cov kab uas txuas nrog cov electrodes yog hu ua lead axes. Hauv daim duab, lawv sawv cev rau sab ntawm daim duab peb sab sib npaug:

  • Kuv abduction - kev sib txuas ntawm ob txhais tes;
  • II lead txuas sab caj npab thiab sab laug;
  • III coj - sab caj npab thiab ceg.

Leads sau npe qhov sib txawv ntawm cov electrodes. Txhua axis txhuas muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Lub perpendicular, poob los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm daim duab peb sab mus rau axis ntawm abduction, faib rau sab ntawm daim duab peb sab rau 2qhov sib npaug: qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Yog li, yog tias qhov tshwm sim vector ntawm lub plawv hloov mus rau tus ncej zoo, tom qab ntawd ntawm ECG cov kab tau sau tseg saum toj ntawm isoline - P, R, T nthwv dej. Yog tias mus rau tus ncej tsis zoo, ces qhov sib txawv hauv qab ntawm isoline raug kaw - Q, S.

Tsim daim duab peb sab

Tau tsim Einthoven daim duab peb sab nrog lub npe ntawm cov hlau lead ntawm ib daim ntawv, kos ib daim duab geometric nrog ob sab sib npaug thiab ib qho vertex taw. Hauv nruab nrab peb muab ib lub dot - qhov no yog lub siab.

Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab
Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab

Nco tus qauv coj. Sab saum toj yog lead I, sab xis yog lead III, sab laug yog lead II. Peb qhia qhov polarity ntawm txhua tus txhuas txhuas. Lawv yog cov qauv. Lawv yuav tsum kawm.

Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab
Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab

Einthoven daim duab peb sab yog npaj txhij. Nws tsuas yog siv nws rau nws lub hom phiaj - los txiav txim qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub plawv thiab lub kaum sab xis ntawm nws qhov sib txawv.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub siab

kauj ruam tom ntej yog los txiav txim qhov nruab nrab ntawm txhua sab. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau txo qis cov perpendiculars los ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm daim duab peb sab mus rau nws sab.

Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab
Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab

Txoj haujlwm yog los txiav txim siab qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub plawv siv daim duab peb sab Einthoven ntawm ECG.

Kev txhais ntawm axis ntawm lub plawv
Kev txhais ntawm axis ntawm lub plawv

Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj QRS txoj hauv kev ntawm kev coj kuv thiab III, txiav txim siab cov lej ntawm cov hniav hauv txhua tus txhuas los ntawm kev suav cov lej me me ntawm txhua tus hniav, suav nrog lawv cov polarity. Hauv kuvHauv abduction nws yog R + Q + S=13 + (-1) + 0=12. Hauv III nws yog R + Q + S=3 + 0 + (-11)=-8.

Tom qab ntawd, ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm daim duab peb sab Einthoven, peb muab cov txiaj ntsig tau. Nyob rau sab saum toj, peb suav 12 hli mus rau sab xis los ntawm nruab nrab, ntawm qhov zoo them electrode. Nyob rau sab xis ntawm daim duab peb sab, peb suav -8 saum nruab nrab - ze rau qhov tsis zoo electrode.

Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab
Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab

Tom qab ntawd los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau peb tsim cov kab hauv kab hauv daim duab peb sab. Kos lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov perpendiculars. Tam sim no koj yuav tsum txuas qhov nruab nrab ntawm daim duab peb sab nrog lub ntsiab lus tsim. Cov txiaj ntsig vector ntawm EMF ntawm lub siab tau txais.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm hluav taws xob axis ntawm lub plawv
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm hluav taws xob axis ntawm lub plawv

txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov hluav taws xob axis, kos kab kab rov tav los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm daim duab peb sab. Lub kaum sab xis tau txais ntawm vector thiab kab rov tav kos yog hu ua lub kaum sab xis alpha. Nws txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ntawm axis ntawm lub plawv. Koj tuaj yeem suav nws siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub kaum sab xis yog -11 °, uas sib haum mus rau ib tug nruab nrab deviation ntawm lub axis ntawm lub plawv mus rau sab laug.

Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab
Kev tsim kho ntawm Einthoven Daim duab peb sab

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm EOS tso cai rau koj los xav txog qhov teeb meem uas tshwm sim hauv lub siab lub sijhawm. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum piv nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab yav dhau los. Qee lub sij hawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov axis nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia lossis lwm qhov tsuas yog qhov pom tseeb ntawm kev puas tsuaj, uas tso cai rau koj los muab lwm txoj hauv kev los txheeb xyuas qhov ua rau ntawm cov kev hloov no.

Yog li, kev paub txog Einthoven daim duab peb sab, ohcov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov kev tsim kho tso cai rau koj kom raug siv thiab txuas cov electrodes, ua cov kev kuaj mob raws sij hawm, thiab txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov hauv ECG kom sai li sai tau. Paub txog lub hauv paus ntawm ECG yuav cawm tau ntau tus neeg txoj sia.

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