Explosives (abbreviated as explosives) yog cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb, nrog rau lawv cov khoom sib xyaw, uas tuaj yeem tawg tau nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej sab nraud lossis cov txheej txheem sab hauv txuas ntxiv, thaum cov roj cua kub heev tau tsim thiab tso tawm. Muaj peb pawg ntawm cov khoom tawg nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau sab nraud thiab ntau hom kev tawg. Cov no muaj xws li: pib, propelling, thiab blasting tshuaj. Kab lus no muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom tawg siab thiab lawv cov ntawv thov.
Cov ntsiab lus dav dav
Kev tawg yog qhov hloov pauv sai ntawm cov khoom tawg mus rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas muaj cua sov, uas, nthuav dav, ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no: lawv txav, tsoo, rhuav tshem, eject.
Explosive txhais tau hais tias cov khoom sib xyaw lossis cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke uas tuaj yeem hloov mus ua cov pa roj sai sai. Kev tawg yog zoo ib yam li qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov thee lossis hluav taws, tab sis txawv ntawm qhov kev kub ceev ntawm cov txheej txheem no, uas feem ntau yog kaum txhiab ntawm ib thib ob. ATNyob ntawm qhov ceev ntawm kev hloov pauv, tawg tau muab faib raws li hauv qab no:
- YCombustion. Kev hloov hluav taws xob los ntawm ib txheej ntawm cov teeb meem mus rau lwm qhov yog vim muaj cua sov conduction. Cov txheej txheem ntawm combustion thiab tsim cov gases pib ntawm ib tug tsawg ceev. Qhov kev tawg zoo li no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm rab phom, uas cov mos txwv raug tshem tawm, tab sis lub tes tsho tsis raug puas tsuaj.
- Detonation. Lub zog yog pauv los ntawm txheej mus rau txheej yuav luag tam sim ntawd. Gases yog tsim nyob rau hauv supersonic speeds, lub siab nce ceev, thiab kev puas tsuaj loj tshwm sim. Qhov kev tawg zoo li no muaj nyob hauv RDX, ammonite, TNT.
Yuav kom cov txheej txheem tawg pib, yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam sab nraud ntawm cov khoom tawg, uas tuaj yeem yog hom hauv qab no:
- detonation - tawg ntawm ib sab ntawm lwm qhov tawg;
- thermal - cua sov, taws, nplaim;
- chemical - tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- mechanical - txhuam, nplawm, cuam tshuam.
Cov khoom tawg-pov thawj cuam tshuam txawv rau lwm qhov cuam tshuam:
- qee muaj peev xwm tawg tau sai;
- lwm tus tsuas yog rhiab rau qee yam teebmeem;
- thib peb tuaj yeem tawg txawm tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv.
Basic properties of BB
Lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb yog:
- susceptibility rau sab nraud influences;
- brisance;
- yam ntxwv aggregate xeev;
- lub zog tso tawm los ntawm kev tawg;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- nrawm nrawm;
- density;
- explosiveness;
- sijhawm thiab xwm txheejnoj qab nyob zoo.
Txhua qhov tawg tuaj yeem piav qhia meej siv tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv, tab sis feem ntau ob ntawm lawv siv:
- Brisance (slov, crush, smash). Ntawd yog, nws yog lub peev xwm ntawm qhov tawg los tsim kev puas tsuaj. Qhov siab dua qhov brisance, qhov ceev cov pa roj tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm tawg thiab qhov tawg tshwm sim nrog lub zog ntau dua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub cev ntawm qhov projectile yuav zoo crushed, cov fragments yuav tawg ntawm kev kub ceev, thiab muaj zog yoj yuav tshwm sim.
- Explosiveness yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom tawg uas ua rau kev puas tsuaj, ntuav thiab lwm yam kev ua. Lub ntsiab cuam tshuam rau nws yog qhov ntim ntawm cov pa tawm thaum lub sij hawm tawg. Cov pa roj ntau tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntau, piv txwv li, pov pob zeb, av, cib tawm ntawm qhov chaw tawg.
High-explosive high-explosives yog haum rau blasting nyob rau hauv mines, thaum lub sij hawm tshem tawm cov dej khov jams, thiab kev tsim kho ntawm ntau yam pits. Hauv kev tsim cov plhaub, ua ntej lawv them nyiaj rau brisance, thiab explosiveness recedes rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau.
Kev faib tawm
Cov foob pob tawg muaj ntau qhov kev faib tawm. Raws li lawv cov khoom, lawv raug cais raws li hauv qab no:
- Initiating - yog siv los ua kom puas tsuaj lwm yam khoom tawg. Lawv muaj lub siab rhiab heev rau qhov pib yam tseem ceeb thiab muaj ntau dua detonation tshaj tawm. Thiab lawv kuj tseem hu ua thawj qhov tawg, uas muaj peev xwm tawg los ntawm kev cuam tshuam tsis muaj zog. Rau pawgsuav nrog: diazodinitrophenol, mercury fulminate.
- High explosives - characterized by high brisance and are used as the main charge for most mos mos. Cov no yog cov explosives thib ob uas tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau sab nraud cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom tawg yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, lawv muaj nitrates thiab lawv cov tebchaw, muaj zog explosive nyhuv. Ib qho me me ntawm cov tshuaj pib siv los tawg rau lawv.
- Ntxawm - ua lub zog rau pov cov mos txwv, plhaub, grenades. Cov no suav nrog ntau hom foob pob hluav taws thiab cov hmoov phom.
- Pyrotechnic compositions - siv rau cov mos txwv tshwj xeeb. Hlawv, lawv muab cov yam ntxwv zoo - teeb liab, teeb pom kev zoo.
Ntxiv rau, raws li lawv lub cev, lawv yog:
- hard;
- kua;
- gaseous;
- emulsion;
- ncua;
- plastic;
- gelatinous;
- elastic.
YBrazing BB
Cov khoom ci ci tau txais lawv lub npe los ntawm Fabkis lo lus briser, uas txhais ua lus Lavxias txhais tau tias tawg, tsoo. Cov khoom tawg zoo li no tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke - PETN, TNT, nitroglycerin, lossis cov khoom sib xyaw - dynamites, dynamons, ammonites. Lawv tsis detonate los ntawm tej yam yooj yim impulses: ib tug beam ntawm nplaim taws los yog ib tug spark, uas yog txaus los tawg cov khoom pib. Qhov tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm blasting explosives rau cua sov, kev sib txhuam thiab kev cuam tshuam kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thaumua haujlwm nrog lawv. Lawv yog siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm fragmentation thiab aviation foob pob, hiav txwv thiab engineering mines, qhov twg muaj zog tawg yog xav tau nrog fragmentation ntawm lub plhaub projectile.
Power classification
Cov khoom siv siab thiab pib siv ua ke. Detonation nyob rau hauv lub thib ob explosives yog zoo siab los ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov thawj explosives. Brisant explosives tau nce, ib txwm muaj thiab txo hwj chim.
Cov tshuaj uas muaj zog ntxiv yog qhov nkag siab zoo tshaj plaws rau cov kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, yog li lawv feem ntau siv hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov uas txo qis rhiab heev lossis muaj lub zog ib txwm muaj. Thiab lawv kuj tuaj yeem siv tau rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob nruab nrab.
High fais fab blasting khoom
Cov khoom tawg nrog lub zog muaj zog muaj qhov nrawm nrawm thiab tso tawm cov cua sov ntau thaum lub sijhawm tawg. Lawv rhiab heev rau sab nraud impulses.
Kev tawg tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho detonator, suav nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm rab phom phom. Thaum raug nplaim taws, lawv kub hnyiab heev, tsis muaj pa taws thiab pa taws, nrog lub teeb ci ntsa iab, tuaj yeem tawg tau. Rau cov pab pawg neeg no belongs:
- Teng yog hmoov dawb uas muaj cov muaju. Cov tshuaj blasting no tsis hnov mob nrog cov hlau thiab dej, yog diluted hauv acetone thiab suav tias yog qhov cuam tshuam rau sab nraud. Nws yog siv rau detonation cords, auxiliary detonators thiab detonator caps.
- Tetryl yog cov hmoov daj daj crystalline nrog cov qab ntsev. Nws yog zoo diluted nrog acetone thiab roj av, phem nrog cawv, nws tsis yaj nrog hlau.reacts, zoo muab rau hauv nias. Siv los ua detonators.
- RDX yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws, uas muaj cov pob zeb dawb me me, tsis muaj ntxhiab thiab tsis qab. Nws tsis hnov tsw nrog dej thiab hlau, nws tsis zoo nias. Kev tawg tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, nws hlawv nrog lub suab nrov, lub nplaim ntawm cov xim dawb. Siv rau qee qhov qauv ntawm lub kaus mom blasting, ua cov khoom sib tov rau kev tawg, naval mines.
High tawg nrog lub zog ib txwm
Cov tshuaj no muaj lub neej txee ntev (nrog rau cov dynamites), lawv tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm yam, hauv kev siv tswv yim lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Cov khoom tawg siab muaj xws li:
- TNT yog cov khoom daj lossis xim av crystalline nrog lub iab saj. Lub melting point yog 81 ° C, thiab lub flash point yog 310 ° C. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua qhib, qhov hluav taws kub ntawm TNT yog nrog los ntawm ib tug daj daj nplaim nrog muaj zog soot tsis tawg, thiab detonation yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tsev. Cov khoom siv hlau tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm, nws yog qhov ua tau zoo rau kev poob siab, kev sib txhuam thiab thermal cuam tshuam. Nws cuam tshuam nrog hydrochloric thiab sulfuric acid, roj av, cawv, thiab acetone. Piv txwv li, thaum tua, nrum thiab nias nrog rab phom phom, TNT tsis ignite, thiab tsis muaj tawg. Rau mos txwv, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam alloys thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Cov tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nias checkers ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg.thaum ua haujlwm demolition.
- Picric acid yog cov khoom tawg hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov muaju uas muaj xim daj thiab saj iab. Nws yog qhov raug tshav kub, cuam tshuam thiab kev sib txhuam ntau dua li TNT, thiab tuaj yeem tawg thaum tua los ntawm rab phom phom. Cov nplaim taws ntau heev thaum hlawv. Nrog ib tug loj tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov teeb meem, detonation tshwm sim. Muab piv rau TNT, picric acid yog qhov tawg muaj zog dua.
- Dynamite - muaj cov qauv sib txawv thiab muaj nitroglycerin, nitroesters, ntsev, ntoo hmoov thiab stabilizers. Daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm dynamites yog dej tsis kam thiab lub zog tseem ceeb. Lawv qhov tsis zoo yog suav tias yog ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam rau thermal thiab mechanical influences. Qhov no yuav tsum tau saib xyuas thaum thauj thiab tawg. Tom qab rau lub hlis, dynamites poob lawv lub peev xwm los ua kom tawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv khov ntawm qhov kub tsis zoo li ntawm 20 ° C thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij thaum ua haujlwm.
Txo BB zog
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qis qis tau txo qis kev ua haujlwm vim muaj qhov nrawm nrawm thiab cua sov me ntsis. Lawv yog cov inferior nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm brisance zog rau cov khoom uas muaj ib txwm muaj hwj chim, tab sis muaj tib yam explosiveness. Cov khoom tawg feem ntau siv los ntawm pab pawg no yog tsim los ntawm ammonium nitrate. Cov no suav nrog:
- Ammonium nitrate yog cov tshuaj dawb lossis daj daj crystalline, uas yog cov ntxhia chiv, zoo kawg nkaus soluble hauv dej. Nws belongs rau insensitivetsawg tawg. Nws tsis ignite los ntawm hluav taws thiab sparks, cov txheej txheem combustion pib tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog tsom ntawm nplaim taws. Tus nqi qis ntawm ammonium nitrate ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom tawg yooj yim los ntawm nws los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom tawg lossis cov khoom tawg rau nws.
- Dynamons yog sib tov ntawm ammonium nitrate nrog combustible, tab sis tsis-explosives, xws li charcoal, peat los yog sawdust.
- Ammonals yog cov khoom sib tov rau kev tawg uas muaj cov ntsev, nrog rau kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab tawg thiab cov hmoov txhuas los ua kom cov cua kub ntawm qhov tawg.
Txhua hom kev tawg siab raws li ammonium nitrate muaj kev nyab xeeb siv. Lawv tsis ya mus rau saum huab cua thaum rub, ntaus, tua nrog ib rab phom los ntawm rab phom. Lit nyob rau hauv huab cua, lawv hlawv ntsiag to, tsis tawg, nrog ib tug daj nplaim nrog soot. Rau kev khaws cia, lawv tau khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw zoo ventilated. Qee lub sij hawm fatty acids thiab hlau sulfide tau ntxiv rau s altpeter, uas ua rau kom cov khoom tawg nyob rau hauv dej ntev ntev yam tsis tau poob.
Siv cov khoom tawg siab heev
Cov khoom tawg siab yog cov khoom tawg thib ob, rau qhov kev tawg yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv tawg, zoo siab vim yog tus nqi me me ntawm qhov pib tawg. Lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub peev xwm los tsoo thiab sib cais. Lawv yog siv rau sau mines, ntau yam txhais tau tias rau undermining, torpedoes thiab shells. Cov khoom uas muaj cov khoom tawg yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob. Lawv tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Feem ntau ntawm cov tsis-ferrous ore, nrog rau yuav luag tag nrho cov ntim ntawm ferrous hlau, yog mined siv explosions.
Cov khoom tawg siab tau pom lawv daim ntawv thov hauv thaj chaw hauv qab no:
- txhawm rau txhim kho thee seams thiab ntxhia deposits;
- embankments rau railways thiab txoj kev;
- dam tsim;
- khawb dej channel;
- tso roj thiab roj kav dej;
- kev txhim kho ntawm kuv cov ncej.
Qhov twg ntxiv cov tshuaj blasting siv? Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, lawv tau siv:
- thaum cog cov av;
- nqa tawm cov txheej txheem dej;
- fighting hav zoov;
- qhia thiab tshem thaj chaw.
Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev txhim kho tseem tab tom nthuav dav kev siv lub zog tawg uas muaj zog no - ua kom cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg ua kom nrawm dua, siv cov nag los nag thiab blast drilling.
Tshuaj thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom tawg siab
Molecules ntawm chemical compounds los yog lawv cov mixs, muaj ib tug npaum li cas ntawm chemical zog, yog hu ua lub zog-saturated tshuaj. Lub zog, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam, hloov mus rau hauv lub teeb, mechanical lossis thermal.
Pyrotechnic compositions, hmoov phom thiab lwm yam explosives yog ib hom nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog-saturated tshuaj. chemical zog nyob rau hauv lawv yog hloov dua siab tshiab vim yog ceev ceev ntawm tawg mus rau lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Tus nqi tseem ceebcov cua kub tawm vim qhov tawg yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Ua kom muaj zog thiab muaj zog ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom tawg siab tau siv dav hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam.
