Ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm thaj chaw, qhov no feem ntau tau sau tseg. Qhov no yog scale raug. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav txheeb xyuas dab tsi lub tswv yim no hides nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej. Peb kuj tseem yuav txiav txim siab seb qhov ntsuas twg yog qhov dav dav, peb yuav qhia nws cov hom loj. Cia peb tsom xam seb lub tswv yim ntawm "graphical raug" cuam tshuam li cas ntawm peb qhov kev sib tham.
Qhov no yog dab tsi?
Scale yog ib qho kev qhia tseem ceeb uas qhia tias ntau npaum li cas txhua kab uas tau kos rau ntawm daim duab kos, kev npaj, tsawg lossis ntau dua qhov loj ntawm qhov khoom nws piav qhia. Cov lus qhia meej no tau nthuav tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kos duab thiab daim duab qhia ob qho tib si thiab cov duab.
Ncua cov phiaj xwm, qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntsuas - cov ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv ntau thaj chaw:
- Cartography.
- Design.
- Geodesy.
- Photo.
- qauv.
- Programming.
- Math.
- Cinema.
Qee ntawm cov ntawv thov no, lawv cov yam ntxwv, peb yuav txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv kab lus.
Scaling raug
Thiab tam sim nokev txhais ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Scale raug - ib feem ntawm kab rov tav kab sib nrug, uas yuav txhais tau tias 0.1 hli ntawm daim duab. Vim li cas thiaj xaiv tus nqi no?
0, 1 hli raug lees txais ntawm no vim qhov tseeb tias qhov no yog ntu me tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag hauv daim duab yam tsis tas siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, cov cuab yeej, khoom siv.
Cia peb ua piv txwv. Muab 1:10000. Qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntsuas yuav yog, raws li, 1 m. Cia peb txheeb xyuas kom meej ntxiv:
- 1 cm ntawm txoj kev npaj lossis duab yog 10,000 cm (los yog 100 m) ntawm qhov av tiag.
- 1 hli hauv daim duab yog 1,000 cm (los yog 10 m).
- 0, 1 hli yog 100cm (los yog 1m) ntawm qhov av tiag.
Yog li, nws yooj yim los txiav txim siab qhov tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov ntsuas. Qhov no yog qhov deb ntawm qhov chaw tiag tiag, sib npaug ntawm 0.1 hli ntawm daim ntawv qhia - qhov tsawg kawg nkaus uas tus neeg tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv.
nraaj fidelity
Thiab tam sim no cia peb paub nrog cov duab raug ntawm cov nplai. Nov yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb thaum siv cov phiaj xwm thiab daim duab qhia chaw.
Graphic raug yog txuam nrog kev daws teeb meem "thiab" ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag. Nyob rau hauv lem, nws ua rau "G". Li no G=u.
Qhov ntawd yog, yog tias lub kaum sab xis "thiab" ntawm cov vectors ua ob lub ntsiab lus "B" thiab "L" thaum pom los ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam nrog qib ib txwm pom yog "G" lossis ntau dua, ces lawv yuav pom. raws li ob lub ntsiab lus. Yog tias lub kaum sab xis no rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev daws teeb meem tsawg dua "G", ces "L" thiab "B" yuav pom los ntawm ib tus neeg ua ib qho.dot.
Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj kom paub txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov piv txwv. Cia peb hais tias ib tug neeg soj ntsuam daim ntawv qhia los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob deb "b", sib npaug rau 35 cm. Tus nqi ntawm G=u. Tam sim no koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob deb (uas yog, graphical raug) ntawm "B" thiab "L", uas lawv tseem yuav pom los ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam raws li ob lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Nov yog kev suav:
1 - yog! - 1/3438 x 350 mm=0.1 mm.
1/3438 yog tus nqi ntawm lub kaum u=r, uas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhia nyob rau hauv radians (3438 'yog tus naj npawb ntawm feeb nyob rau hauv ib tug radian).
Yog li, tus nqi tso tawm ntawm 0.1 hli yog cov duab tseeb ntawm txoj kev npaj lossis daim ntawv qhia.
Kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus
Tam sim no cia saib seb lub ntsiab lus saum toj no cuam tshuam li cas rau lub ntsiab. Qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntsuas yog, raws li peb nco qab, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas yog sib npaug li 0.1 hli ntawm daim ntawv.
Koj tuaj yeem muab cov qauv:
T=gM=0.1 M mm.
Decipher nws cov ntsiab lus:
- T - ntsuas qhov tseeb.
- M yog tus lej denominator.
- r=0.1 mm - nraaj tseeb.
Los ntawm no peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog kev txhais lus. Scale raug - graphical raug, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub scale ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia los yog txoj kev npaj. Thiab qhov tshwm sim yog dab tsi? Cov duab tseeb yuav dhau los ua qhov tsis tu ncua (0.1 hli) rau txhua qhov ntsuas uas twb muaj lawm.
Raws li, qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb yuav hloov nrog nws. Nws yuav siab dua, qhov loj dua lub compiler xaiv qhov ntsuas.
Thiab tam sim nopeb yuav soj ntsuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm xws li ib tug yam ntxwv raws li teev nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm daim ntawv thov.
Design, geodesy thiab cartography
Peb paub tias "500" qhov tseeb txhais li cas - 1: 500. Cia peb tam sim no xav txog dab tsi ntau yam ntawm nws yog qhov zoo rau kev tsim, kos duab thiab geodesy:
- Tus lej ntsuas. Qhov taw qhia yog sau ua ib feem. Nws tus lej yuav yog ib qho, thiab nws tus lej yuav yog qee qhov kev txo qis hauv daim duab qhia. Piv txwv li, cia peb ntsuas 1: 5,000. Nws txhais tau hais tias 1 cm ntawm ib txoj kev npaj, daim ntawv qhia yog 5,000 cm (los yog 50 m) ntawm thaj chaw tiag. Yog li ntawd, yuav muaj ib tug loj scale uas muaj ib tug me denominator. Yog li, 1:1,000 yuav loj dua 1:20,000.
- Npe scale. Lub compiler ntawm daim ntawv qhia qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv qhov deb ntawm qhov tiag struts yog sib npaug zos rau 1 cm nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj. Nov yog ib qho piv txwv: "Muaj 1000 mais hauv 1 centimeter". Los yog luv luv: "1 cm=100 km".
- nraaj nplai. Nyob rau hauv lem, nws yuav muab faib ua transverse thiab linear. Peb yuav tshuaj xyuas lawv nyias.
Ntau yam ntawm cov duab qeb
Dab tsi yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntsuas - qhov ntsuas qhov hloov pauv? Wb paub txog cov yam ntxwv:
- Txoj kab. Xws li cov duab kos rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia yog sawv cev ua tus kav, uas yuav muab faib ua qhov tiag.
- Kev hloov pauv. Qhov no yog ib daim duab teev sawv cev raws li nomogram. Nws txoj kev tsim kho yog nyob ntawm qhov proportionality ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kab sib txuas uas cuam tshuam rau sab ntawm lub kaum sab xis. Qhov ntsuas no siv tau rau kev ntsuas qhov tseeb dua ntawm qhov ntev ntawm kab ntawm cov phiaj xwm. Lawv siv nws li no: lawv ntsuas qhov ntev ntawm kab hauv qab ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas transverse kom txoj cai kawg yog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ncua deb (OM), thiab sab laug yog tshaj 0. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no sab laug ceg yog. nruab nrab ntawm kaum kev faib, feem, ntawm sab laug ntu (los ntawm 0), ces tus kws tshwj xeeb tsa ob txhais ceg ntawm lub 'meter' nce. Kom txog rau thaum sab laug ceg ntawm lub 'meter' twb nyob rau hauv kev sib tshuam ntawm tej kab rov tav thiab tej transversal. Tab sis txoj cai ceg yuav tsum nyob rau ntawm kab kab rov tav no. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus CD ntawm no yog 0.2 hli. Raws li, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws qhov tseeb yog 0.1 hli.
Series duab teev hauv kev tsim
Peb twb paub tias 1:500 nplai precision txhais li cas. Tab sis nyob rau hauv dab tsi lub compiler xaiv nws? Cia peb tsom xam lo lus nug no:
- Scaling down. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas nws yog tsim nyog los depict ib yam khoom ntawm ib txoj kev npaj, ib tug struts uas loj tshaj nws nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam. Yog hais tias lub compiler tig mus rau tus tsim ntawm cov tswv yim npaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog loj, ces nws yuav tsum tau siv cov teev nram qab no: 1:2,000, 1:5,000, 1:10,000, 1:20,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000.
- Qhov loj tiag tiag. Yog tias koj xav qhia txog qhov khoom ntawm txoj kev npaj "raws li nws yog", ces xa mus rau qhov ntsuas "ib rau ib". Raws li, 1 cm ntawm qhov ntev ntawm no yuav sib haum rau 1 cm ntawm qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev npaj.
- Nqajmagnification. Tsim nyog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum nws yuav tsum tau piav qhia txog ib yam khoom uas me dhau ntawm txoj kev npaj rau cov neeg paub meej nrog nws cov tsos, ntaus ntawv.
Nyob hauv duab
Tau kawg, 1: 10,000 nplai qhov tseeb yog qhov cuam tshuam nrog cov duab kos. Tab sis qhov no siv rau lub ntiaj teb kev yees duab thiab. Qhov ntsuas ntawm no txhais tau hais tias qhov sib piv ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov duab tau txais ntawm ib qho ultrasensitive matrix lossis ntawm cov duab thaij duab rau qhov loj ntawm qhov projection ntawm thaj tsam sib thooj ntawm lub dav hlau uas yog perpendicular rau lub koob yees duab.
Muaj cov kws yees duab uas ntsuas qhov ntsuas raws li qhov sib piv ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom tiag tiag rau nws qhov loj me ntawm lub vijtsam, ntawv thaij duab lossis lwm yam xov xwm. Tab sis txoj hauv kev yog los txiav txim qhov teev hauv daim duab tsuas yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas siv cov duab.
Hauv kev yees duab, qhov ntsuas kuj tseem ceeb thaum xam qhov tob ntawm txhua yam khoom pom zoo, qhov chaw. Niaj hnub no, cov kws tshaj lij tau nkag mus rau ntau yam ntawm cov nplais los ntawm qhov me me (siv thaum tua lub cev nyob deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb) mus rau qhov loj heev (tsis tas siv cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, hnub no nws tuaj yeem tau txais daim duab 10: 1.).
Ntawm no, kev yees duab macro twb tau txiav txim siab tua ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 1: 1 (thiab, raws li, loj dua). Tab sis nrog kev sib kis ntawm digital compact koob yees duab, macro photography kuj tau los hu ua style thaum lub lo ntsiab muag tau muab tso rau ze rau qhov kev kawm. Xav txog lub classical txhais, cesxws li kev txhais lus yuav tsis raug.
Kev ua qauv
Rau txhua hom lub rooj ntev zaum (lossis nplai) qauv, nws tus kheej ntsuas tau txhais. Lawv muaj ob peb teev uas muaj qee qhov kev txo qis. Interestingly, rau txhua hom qauv (railway, tsheb, nkoj qauv, khoom siv tub rog, aircraft qauv) muaj tej yam keeb kwm tsim scale series uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog lwm tus.
Ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog xam los ntawm tus qauv yooj yim:
L / M=X.
Decipher:
- L - thawj qhov ntsuas.
- M - ntsuas qhov xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm.
- X yog tus nqi xav tau.
In programming
Hauv cheeb tsam no, lub sijhawm hu ua lub sijhawm teev yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cia peb kawm seb nws yog dab tsi.
Hauv lub sijhawm sib koom OS, nws tseem ceeb heev los muab "lub sijhawm tiag tiag" rau cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Nws txawv ntawm qhov kev ua ntawm cov txheej xwm sab nraud mus yam tsis muaj kev ncua ntxiv lossis qhov khoob. Ntawm no ib lub tswv yim ntxiv yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb - "lub sijhawm tiag tiag". Tab sis nws yuav tsum to taub tias nws tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov ntsuas ntawm daim duab qhia chaw. Qhov no tsuas yog cov lus sib tham xwb.
In film technology
Nyob hauv zaj duab xis thev naus laus zis, qhov tseeb ntawm lub sijhawm teev kuj tseem ceeb. Qhov kawg txhais tau hais tias qhov ntsuas ntau ntawm kev ua kom qeeb lossis nrawm nrawm, uas yuav sib npaug rau qhov piv ntawm qhov projection ncej tus nqi rau tus nqi tua.
Xav txog qhov no hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yimpiv txwv. Qhov projection ncej tus nqi rau kev ua yeeb yaj kiab yog 24 fps. Kev ua yeeb yaj kiab tau ua tiav tib lub sijhawm "ntawm qhov nrawm" ntawm 72 ntas / sec. Lub sijhawm ntsuas qhov no yuav yog 1:3.
Thiab txhais li cas, piv txwv li, 2: 1? Qhov no yog ob zaug nrawm dua li tus qauv ntws ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov screen.
Kev ua lej
Hauv cheeb tsam no, nplai yog hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob qhov ntev. Tsis tas li, hauv ntau qhov chaw siv tau, qhov no yuav yog qhov piv ntawm cov duab loj rau qhov loj ntawm daim duab.
Hauv kev ua lej, qhov ntsuas yog qhov piv ntawm ib qho kev ncua deb ntawm daim ntawv qhia mus rau qhov deb ntawm qhov tiag. Yog tias peb saib ntawm qhov piv txwv, qhov no zoo ib yam li hauv daim duab kos duab. Cia peb hais 1: 100,000,000. Yog li, 1 cm hauv daim duab yog 100,000 cm hauv kev muaj tiag. Ntawd yog, ib txhiab meters lossis ib mais.
Scale yog tus yam ntxwv siv tau dav. Qhov no yog ib qho qauv thiab ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov phiaj xwm, kos duab ntawm cov khoom, daim duab qhia chaw. Nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim, hauv geodesy, cartography, cuam tshuam hauv kev yees duab, yees duab technology, programming thiab lej. Nws tus kheej yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog qhov tseeb - qhov sib piv ntawm qhov deb tiag tiag rau qhov lees txais ntawm daim ntawv qhia.
