Cov qauv kab lus hauv Lavxias yog qhov tsim nyog los piav qhia cov cim cim. Lawv kuj tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsom xam ntawm chav tsev syntactic no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau kab lus nyuaj. Kev hais lus ncaj qha ua rau muaj teeb meem rau yuav luag txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm. Yog tias, nyob rau theem ntawm kev kawm cov ncauj lus no, koj kawm sau cov lus piav qhia uas tsim nyog, yuav tsis muaj teeb meem kiag li hauv cov ntawv sau. Cia peb tsom xam seb cov kab lus dab tsi yog, xav txog ib qho piv txwv yooj yim, txhua hom kev nyuaj, nrog rau cov units nrog cov lus ncaj qha. Qhov no yuav pab koj nkag siab tob rau hauv lub ncauj lus.
Dab tsi yog daim ntawv qhia muaj xws li
Ua ntej, cia peb txheeb xyuas seb kab lus dab tsi yog dab tsi thiab nws yog dab tsi. Ntau tus xav txog qhov no ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov kev xav ntawm tus kws qhia, uas tsis muaj kev nkag siab zoo. Qhov no tsis muaj tseeb. Ib qho qauv duab kos duab kom raug yuav pab hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv ntawm chav tsev syntactic.
Dab tsi yuav tsum tau qhia thaum tsim lub tswv yim?
- Predicative base. Maincov tswv cuab yuav tsum raug qhia kom ua pov thawj tias peb muaj kab lus tiag tiag (tom qab tag nrho, ntawm qhov no nws txawv ntawm ib kab lus), raug txhais cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus qhia yuav pab kom ntaus nqi ntawm chav tsev syntactic rau ib feem lossis ob feem.
- Yog tias kab lus nyuaj, ces cov koom haum txuas nrog nws qhov chaw raug qhia. Cov khoom qub raug sau tseg yog tias lawv siv nrog cov tswv cuab homogeneous.
- kab lus cov qauv hauv Lavxias yuav muaj cov ntsiab lus nyuaj. Hauv ntu tom ntej, peb yuav txheeb xyuas qhov twg.
Nws tseem tsim nyog hais tias cov duab kos duab ntawm kab lus feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov kab ke. Lawv muaj txhua kab lus yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv square brackets yog cov kab lus yooj yooj yim thiab lawv kuj yog nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab tsis yog koom haum. Yog hais tias peb tham txog ib tug complex syntactic tsim, ces nws lub ntsiab yog nyob rau hauv lub square brackets, thiab subordinate clause yog nyob rau hauv round brackets.
Yuav ua li cas nyuaj rau
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, lub tswv yim ntawm kab lus yooj yim yuav suav nrog cov ntsiab lus uas ua rau nws nyuaj. Cia peb teev lawv, muab piv txwv.
- Hmoob cov tswv cuab. Lawv raug voj voog nyob rau hauv daim duab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog cov tswv cuab homogeneous tej zaum yuav muaj ib lo lus dav dav. Nws yog qhia los ntawm tsab ntawv "o" nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog.
- cais cov ntsiab lus (cov kab lus koom nrog): "Cov nroj tsuag uas xav tau kev saib xyuas zoo yuav tsum muab faib rau cov tub ntxhais kawm hnub so." Hauv kab lus no, muaj kab lus koom nrog sawv tom qablo lus txhais tias "cov nroj tsuag". Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau xav txog nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim, nrog rau cov tswv cuab ntawm lub tswv yim uas nws hais txog. [X, |P. O.|,=]. Nws tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog koom nrog kev hloov pauv, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws, pom zoo, ib leeg thiab ntau. As well as applications.
- Txoj kev xwm txheej ntawm tus kheej (tshwj xeeb cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus, kab lus hais lus, ib qho lus qhia): "Tom qab ua haujlwm hauv tsev, Masha zaum nyeem nws phau ntawv nyiam." Nyob rau hauv kab lus no, muaj ib qho kev sib koom ua ke, uas yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim. [|TO|, -=]. Cia peb muab ib qho piv txwv nrog rau qhov tseeb tig. "Nyob hauv ib lub zos lub tsev, nyob rau hauv ib tug txias cellar, pog lub qab pickles tau khaws cia." Qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw yog cais los ntawm commas thiab qhia rau ntawm daim duab. [X, |UO|,=-].
- Cov lus qhia thiab kev thov rov hais dua. Cov ntsiab lus syntax no tau sib cais los ntawm commas thiab yuav tsum tau suav nrog hauv schema. Cia peb muab piv txwv. "Sergey, nqa kuv haus dej." Qhov kev thov rov hais dua "Sergey" tau tshwm sim raws li hauv qab no: [O,=]. Tsis tas li ntawd nrog cov lus qhia: "Lawv, ntawm chav kawm, tsis mloog lawv niam lawv txiv." Peb xav txog cov lus qhia "tau kawg" zoo li no: [-, VV. SL,=].
kab lus yooj yim
Lub tswv yim rau kev txheeb cov kab lus yooj yim yuav pom meej dua nrog piv txwv. Cia peb sau nws thiab muab cov lus piav qhia tag nrho ntawm chav tsev syntactic. "Peb tau hla mus rau lub tsev uas ploj lawm zais ntawm cov ntoo ntsuab."
Ua ntej koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab lub hauv paus grammatical, ob qho tib si tus yam ntxwv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kab lus nyob ntawm qhov no. Piv txwv - yooj yimob kab lus nrog lub hauv paus "peb mus txog." Peb coj lub hauv paus rau lub tswvyim.
Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum pom tias chav tsev syntactic nyuaj. Los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov cim cim, peb tuaj yeem hais tau nyab xeeb - yog. Ntawm no yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib gerund "limping" thiab kev koom tes turnover " nkaum ntawm lush greenery". Cov ntsiab lus no tau tshwm sim hauv lub tswv yim.
[-, |D|,=X, |P. O.|]. Ntawm no yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus peb tau muab piv txwv nyob rau hauv qhov pib ntawm ntu. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nws yog kev kawm raug, tab sis qee tus kws qhia ntawv yuav ua rau lawv tus kheej xav tau. Piv txwv li, tsis hais homogeneity, nkag mus rau tag nrho cov me me ntawm kab lus. Lub tswv yim ces loj hlob thiab ua unwieldy. Txawm hais tias, qee zaum nws yog qhov tsim nyog nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev kawm cov syntax.
Cov kab lus sib xyaw
Tam sim no cia saib dab tsi cov kab lus nyuaj sawv cev hauv cov duab kos duab. Qhov teeb meem nkaus xwb hauv kev teeb tsa lawv cov tswv yim yog los txiav txim txog thaj tsam ntawm qhov yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub qhov txawv ntawm cov kab lus nyuaj thiab cov kab lus nyuaj, vim tias lawv cov tswv yim sib txawv heev. Cia wb mus saib thawj hom ua ntej. Cia peb txhais cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua lub tswv yim:
- Nyob hauv kab lus sib xyaw, cov khoom sib npaug, feem, lawv tau qhia los ntawm cov kab lus square.
- Kev sib txuas tsis yog ib feem ntawm cov kab lus yooj yim hauv ib qho kev sib txuas, yog li nws raug tshem tawm ntawm cov kab ke.
- Kev piav qhia ntawm txhua qhov yooj yim tau muab.
Cia peb saib seb kab lus twg yog dab tsi. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov no: "Cov nag dhau lawm, thiab saum ntuj, ci ntsa iab, lub hnub ntsia tawm, muab kev cia siab rau hnub zoo."
Ua ntej, cia peb ua pov thawj tias peb muaj kab lus sib xyaw. Thawj ntu muaj cov qia "cov nag dhau"; qhov thib ob - "peeping tawm lub hnub." Nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw muaj kev sib txuas "thiab", kev sib koom tes. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws dhau tus nqi ntawm qhov sib lawv liag ntawm cov xwm txheej. Thawj qhov, txawm tias ntau, tsis nyuaj los ntawm ib yam dab tsi. Qhov thib ob yog nyuaj los ntawm adverbial thiab participle turnovers. Lawv yuav twv yuav raug suav nrog hauv lub tswv yim. [-=], and […, |D. O.|,=-, |P. O.|]. Cia peb piav qhia: yuav tsum tau muab qhov ellipsis nyob rau hauv qhov pib ntawm qhov thib ob, txij li cov kab lus adverbial nyob rau hauv nruab nrab (nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw "hauv ntuj").
kab lus nyuaj
Cov kab lus nyuaj muaj lub tswv yim sib txawv, nws qhov sib txawv yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Muaj kev faib ua ntu tseem ceeb thiab subordinate clauses, thiab tom kawg tuaj yeem nyob txhua qhov chaw thiab txawm tawg lub ntsiab.
- Kev sib txuas yog ib feem ntawm cov kab lus yooj yim (suav nrog hauv cov kab ke).
- Kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom yuav txawv, yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem kab rov tav, ib qho ntsug yog qee zaum kos.
Cia peb saib cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb: "Tom qab ob peb feeb, txhua lub tsev ploj mus, uas txog thaum nyuam qhuav zoo li lub tsev pheeb suab zoo heev sawv ntawm ntsuab.meadow".
Qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm cov subordinate clause nyob rau hauv ob yam: thawj, ib lo lus nug yog nug los ntawm nws mus rau subordinate clauses, thiab thib ob, nws tsis muaj ib tug union. Raws li, thawj kab lus yooj yim tsuas yog qhov ntawd. Muab nws tso rau hauv square brackets. Qhov thib ob kab lus yog ib tug subordinate clause: nws muaj ib tug union (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug union lo lus). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog rau nws hais tias peb nug ib lo lus nug ntawm lub ntsiab ib feem: "huts (dab tsi?) uas nyuam qhuav seemed …". Lub adnexal ib feem yog nyuaj los ntawm kev koom tes turnover. Cov tswv yim yuav yog: [=-], (uas=X, |P. O.|).
Ib qho piv txwv: "Lub dacha qhov chaw uas peb so thaum lub caij ntuj sov yog nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw zoo nkauj nyob ib puag ncig ntawm hav zoov nplua nuj."
Hauv kab lus no, qhov nyuaj yog qhov subordinate clause "lov" qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv lub subordinate ib qho teeb meem - koom nrog turnover. Cov tswv yim yuav ua raws li nram no: [-, (qhov twg -=),=X, |P. O.|].
hais lus ncaj tom kawg ntawm kab lus
Txoj kev hais lus ncaj qha yog dab tsi? Raws li paub, xws li syntactic unit muaj lwm tus neeg nws tus kheej hais lus thiab cov lus ntawm tus sau. Nyob ntawm seb cov khoom no nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo li cas, daim duab yuav zoo li. Square brackets rau txhua chav tsev - lawv sib npaug.
Nyob rau hauv ib kab lus: Nws hais tias: "Cia peb tham tim ntsej tim muag" thawj lo lus ntawm tus sau, thiab ces hais ncaj qha. Lub tswv yim yuav zoo li no: [A]: "[P. R]", txij li qhov kev tsim kho no qhia cov lus ncaj qha ntawm tus neeg, cov lus nug thiab cov lus exclamation feem ntau nyob rau ntawm kab lus kawg, uas.yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv lub tswv yim.
Piv txwv: Tus ntxhais tig thiab nug: "Lub sijhawm twg los?". Nco ntsoov tias cov lus ntawm tus sau hauv qhov no yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm ib qho kev sib cais gerund. [-, |D|,=]: "[P. R.?]".
Yuri qw nrov nrov: "Cia li nqis los!". [A]: "[P. R.]!".
hais lus ncaj nruab nrab ntawm kab lus
kab lus nrog cov lus ncaj qha hauv nruab nrab yuav yog:
Nws sawv thiab hais nrov nrov, "Kuv tsis xav ua ib feem ntawm qhov kev ntxhov siab no!" - ces tawm hauv chav tsev.
[A: ["P. R.!"] - a].
Thov nco ntsoov tias tom qab hais ncaj qha, cov lus ntawm tus sau yuav tsum sau nrog ib tsab ntawv me me.
Tsis tas li, yog tsis xav tau ib lo lus nug lossis lus exclamation, ib qho comma muab tso tom qab hais lus ncaj qha.
Piv txwv li: Masha nyeem: "So koj ob txhais taw," thiab nkag mus rau hauv txoj kev. [A: "[P. R.]" - a].
hais lus ncaj ntawm qhov pib ntawm kab lus
Kev hais lus ncaj tuaj yeem pib kab lus. Hauv qhov no, lub tswv yim yog:
"Mloog suab paj nruag ntsiag to," tus kws sau nkauj hais, thiab pib ua suab paj nruag lom zem.
"[P. R.]", - [a].
Yog hais lus ncaj qha yog ib kab lus exclamatory lossis incentive, tsis xav tau comma:
"Kuv puas tuaj yeem tuaj?" - tau hnov qab lub qhov rooj. "[P. R.?]" - [a].
"Peb yuav sim dua thiab ntxiv!" Tus kws qhia txhawb kuv. "[P. R.!]" - [a].
Tam sim no koj paub txog cov hom kev muab thiab lawv cov tswv yim.
