Hauv peb cov lus Lavxias, muaj ob txoj hauv kev los qhia lwm tus neeg cov lus: hais ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj. Ib yam li hauv lus Askiv. Thiab yog tias txhua yam meej nrog kev hais lus ncaj qha, ces kev siv, kev cai thiab kev tsim ntawm kev hais lus tsis ncaj tuaj yeem ua rau qee qhov teeb meem. Hauv tsab xov xwm, koj tuaj yeem pom Indirect Speech cov cai thiab qhov tseeb uas koj yuav pom qhov nthuav.
hais lus ncaj thiab tsis ncaj hauv Lavxias
Dab tsi yog hais ncaj thiab tsis ncaj? Yuav pib nrog, peb muab piv txwv yooj yooj yim hauv Lavxias teb sab kom pom tseeb dua. Direct hais lus yog kis tau los ntawm verbatim. Muaj qee txoj cai rau kev tsim cov lus ncaj qha hauv Lavxias. Nws yog nkag los nrog cov lus hais thiab cov nyuv, los yog khiav ceev. Ua tib zoo saib ob qho piv txwv hauv qab no:
- Nws hais tias "Kuv xav kawm lus Askiv".
- - Kuv xav kawm lus Askiv, nws hais.
Kev hais lus tsis ncaj yog qhia los ntawm lub koomhaum hauv kab lus nyuaj thiab tsis tas yuav qhia tus neeg hais lus rau lo lus:
- Nws hais tias nws xav kawm lus Askiv.
- Marina hais tias nws yuav nkag mus rau kev sau xov xwm.
Hais lus ncaj thiab tsis ncaj: Txoj Cai
In English, as well as Russian, there are direct (direct) and Indirect (indirect) Speech (hais lus).
Pib nrog, cia peb txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais lus ncaj qha ua lus Askiv. Raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, nws tag nrho qhia cov lus ntawm ib tug neeg thiab tsis hloov dab tsi tau hais. Feem ntau, Kev Hais Lus Ncaj Ncees yog cais los ntawm cov lus hais thiab cov cim:
- Nws hais tias, "Kuv xav kawm lus Askiv."
- "Kuv xav kawm lus Askiv," Nws hais.
Raws li koj tau pom, cov cim cim hauv cov lus hais ncaj qha hauv lus Askiv, tsis zoo li Lavxias, muab tso rau hauv cov lus ncaj qha nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev sib tsoo tom qab cov nqe lus, thawj lo lus yeej ib txwm sau.
Kev hais lus tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv xav tau kev piav qhia ntxiv. Tam sim no peb yuav sim nrhiav seb tus neeg hais lus li cas raug tsim thiab xa tawm ua lus Askiv, thiab tseem nrhiav cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm Indirect Speech.
Kev hais lus tsis ncaj: yog dab tsi?
Ntau tus neeg muaj qee qhov teeb meem nrog kev hais lus tsis ncaj. Feem ntau nrog rau qhov tseeb tias hauv lus Askiv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm no.
Tab sis ua ntej, cia peb mus dhau qhov tseem ceeb uas koj yuav tsum paub txog Indirect Speech.
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj yog thaum tus neeg cov lus raug xa los ntawm kev hais tsis ncaj, cov lus hais thiab cov cim cim raug tshem tawm, thiab thawj tus neeghloov mus rau peb. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hais lus tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv feem ntau yog qhia los ntawm lub koomhaum uas. Ntawd yog, kab lus uas hais ncaj qha:
Mary hais tias, "Kuv nyiam nyeem ntawv." - Mary hais tias, "Kuv nyiam nyeem."
Nws muaj daim ntawv hauv qab no hauv kab lus nrog kev hais tsis ncaj:
Mary hais tias nws nyiam nyeem ntawv. - Mary hais tias nws nyiam nyeem
Nws yooj yim heev yog tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus tseem ceeb tam sim no lossis yav tom ntej. Ces tus subordinate clause yuav muaj tib lub tense. Tab sis yog tias peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm dhau los, tej yam yuav nyuaj me ntsis.
Kev hais lus ncaj nraim: sijhawm sib dhos
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub sijhawm tsuas yog nyuaj, tab sis qhov tseeb nws tsis nyuaj thaum koj txiav txim siab nws.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, txoj cai no ua haujlwm zoo li no: dab tsi yog cov lus hais ncaj qha, uas yog, cov lus hauv qab, yog raws li lub sijhawm hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, yog tias peb hais tias: "Jack hais tias nws ua si ntaus pob tesniv", peb yuav tsum muab "plays" nyob rau tib lub sij hawm raws li lo lus "hais" - yav dhau los. Hauv lus Askiv, peb ua haujlwm raws nraim li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no:
Jack hais tias nws ntaus tennis. - Jack hais tias nws ntaus tennis
Rau qhov tseeb, cia peb ua ib lub rooj me me uas qhia tau hais tias txhua lub sijhawm hloov pauv raws li Txoj Cai Hais Lus Indirect Speech.
| Kab lus hais ncaj qha | kab lus nrog kev hais tsis ncaj |
|
Present Simple Nws hais tias, "Kuv kawm lus Askiv txhua hnub". -Nwshais tias: "Kuv kawm lus Askiv txhua hnub." |
Past Simple Nws hais tias nws kawm lus Askiv txhua hnub. - Nws hais tias nws kawm lus Askiv txhua hnub. |
|
Tam sim no txuas ntxiv Diana hais tias, "Kuv tab tom nrhiav kuv tus muam tam sim no". - Diana hais tias, "Kuv tab tom saib xyuas kuv tus viv ncaus tam sim no." |
Past Continuous Diana hais tias nws tab tom nrhiav nws tus niam yau. - Diana hais tias nws tab tom saib xyuas nws tus viv ncaus tam sim no. |
|
Present Perfect Sasha hais tias, "Kuv tau sau kuv tsab ntawv." - Sasha hais tias, "Kuv twb sau kuv tsab ntawv." |
Past Perfect Sasha hais tias nws twb sau nws tsab ntawv. - Sasha hais tias nws twb tau sau nws tsab ntawv. |
|
Present Perfect Continuous Jastin hais tias, "Kuv tau kawm Nyij Pooj tau ob xyoos". - Justin hais tias, "Kuv tau kawm Nyij Pooj tau ob xyoos tam sim no." |
Past Perfect Continuous Jastin hais tias nws tau kawm Nyij Pooj tau ob xyoos. - Justin hais tias nws tau kawm Nyij Pooj tau ob xyoos. |
|
Past Simple Nws pom, "Mary ua txhua yam ntawm nws tus kheej". - Nws hais tias, "Mary ua txhua yam los ntawm nws tus kheej." |
Past Perfect Nws pom tias Maivliag tau ua txhua yam ntawd los ntawm nws tus kheej. - Nws pom tias Mary ua txhua yam los ntawm nws tus kheej. |
|
Past Continuous Martin ntxhi, "Kuv tab tom nrhiav koj txhua hmo". - Martin ntxhi hais tias, "Kuv tau nrhiav koj tag hmo." |
Past Perfect Continuous Martin ntxhi tias nws tau nrhiav kuv tag hmo. - Martin ntxhi tias nws tau nrhiav kuv tag hmo. |
| Past Perfect | Nyob zoo ib yam |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Nyob zoo ib yam |
|
Yav Tom Ntej Kuv txiv hais tias, "Peb yuav yuav lub tsheb ntawd!" - Kuv txiv hais tias, "Peb yuav yuav lub tsheb no." |
Yav Tom Ntej Kuv txiv hais tias peb yuav yuav lub tsheb ntawd. - Kuv txiv hais tias peb yuav yuav lub tsheb no. |
Tsis txhob hnov qab tias nrog rau lub sijhawm, raws li cov cai ntawm Indirect Speech, pronouns hloov hauv lus Askiv. Ntawd yog:
- now (tam sim no) hloov mus rau tom qab (them);
- this (qhov no) hloov mus rau qhov ntawd;
- cov (cov) → cov (cov);
- hnub no (hnub no) → hnub ntawd (hnub ntawd, ces);
- tag kis (tag kis) → hnub tom ntej (hnub tom ntej);
- yesterday (yesterday) → hnub ua ntej (hnub ua ntej);
- ago (rov qab, dhau los) → ua ntej (ua ntej);
- hnub tom ntej / lub lim tiam / xyoo (hnub tom ntej / lub lim tiam / xyoo tom ntej) → hnub tom ntej / hnub tom ntej / lub lim tiam / xyoo (tib yam, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsuas yog lo lus hloov pauv thiab cov kab lus meej ntxiv);
- nag hmo / hmo / hnub / xyooxyoo) → yav sawv ntxov / hmo ntuj / hnub / xyoo (tag kis sawv ntxov, yav dhau los hmo ntuj, hnub dhau los, xyoo dhau los).
Modal verbs kuj hloov hauv kev hais lus tsis ncaj, tab sis tsuas yog cov uas muaj lawv tus kheej hauv lub sijhawm dhau los: tuaj yeem, ua tau, yuav tsum. Piv txwv li, yuav tsum tsis muaj yav dhau los tense, yog li nws tseem tsis hloov. Tab sis nws tseem tsis hloov pauv tsuas yog thaum nws qhia txog kev txiav txim lossis lus qhia nrog kov lub luag haujlwm. Yog hais tias peb tab tom tham ntxiv txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ib yam dab tsi, yuav tsum hloov pauv yuav tsum tau.
Thaum tsis hloov:
- Kuv tus hluas nkauj hais tias, "Koj tsis txhob haus luam yeeb!" - Kuv tus hluas nkauj hais tias "Koj tsis txhob haus luam yeeb!"
- Kuv tus hluas nkauj hais tias kuv yuav tsum tsis txhob haus luam yeeb. - Kuv tus hluas nkauj hais tias kuv yuav tsum tsis txhob / Kuv yuav tsum tsis txhob haus luam yeeb.
Thaum nws hloov mus rau:
- Alice hais dua: "Kuv yuav tsum ua tiav txoj haujlwm tam sim no!" - Alice hais dua: "Kuv yuav tsum ua kom tiav txoj haujlwm tam sim no!"
- Alice hais tias yuav tsum ua kom tiav txoj haujlwm ntawd. - Alice hais tias nws yuav tsum ua kom tiav txoj haujlwm no.
Cas lub sijhawm yuav tsis hloov
Cov lus tseeb uas paub ntau tau muab rau hauv nqe lus hauv qab yuav tsis pom zoo:
Tus xib fwb hais tias lub ntiaj teb mus ncig lub hnub. - Tus xib hwb hais tias lub ntiaj teb tig los puag ncig lub hnub
Yog hais tias koj tham hauv koj cov lus hais txog tej yam uas tseem tsis tau hloov, ces koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov cai rau kev sib koom tes thiab tawm mus rau yav tom ntej lossis tam sim no. Wb cojkab lus nrog hais ncaj qha:
Jonh hais tias, "Frank hais lus Korean tau zoo heev!" - John hais tias "Frank is very fluent in Korean!"
Koj tuaj yeem hloov nws mus rau hauv kab lus nrog kev hais tsis ncaj, tso siab rau cov cai rau kev sib koom tes, tab sis nws tseem yuav tsis raug suav tias yog qhov yuam kev yog tias koj tsis hloov lub sijhawm: tom qab tag nrho, Frank tseem yog lus Kauslim..
- Jonh hais tias Frank hais lus Korean tau zoo. - John hais tias Frank yog lus Kauslim zoo.
- Jonh hais tias Frank hais lus Korean tau zoo. - John hais tias Frank yog lus Kauslim zoo.
Cia muab piv txwv ntawm ib kab lus uas hais ncaj qha.
Mary hais tias, "Kev kawm Fabkis yog qhov nyuaj rau kuv". - Niam Mab Liab hais tias: "Kev kawm Fab Kis yog qhov dhuav rau kuv."
Tab sis paub tias Maivliag tseem kawm Fab Kis thiab tseem xav tias kawm hom lus no dhuav. Yog li ntawd, peb muaj peev xwm pom zoo rau ib tug subordinate clause, los yog peb yuav tsis pom zoo. Yuav tsis suav tias yog yuam kev.
- Mary hais tias kev kawm Fabkis yog qhov ua rau nws dhuav. - Mary hais tias kev kawm Fabkis yog qhov ua rau nws dhuav.
- Mary hais tias kev kawm Fabkis yog qhov ua rau nws tho txawv. - Mary hais tias kev kawm Fabkis yog qhov ua rau nws dhuav.
Kev hais lus tsis ncaj: cov kab lus nug thiab cov cai rau lawv tsim
Muaj ob hom Cov Lus Nug Indirect: dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb. Peb yuav qhia txog lawv txhua tus tam sim no.
Cov lus nug dav dav
Cov no yog cov lus nug uas peb tuaj yeem teb tau lossis tsis yog. Thaum txhais cov lus nug dav dav rau hauv kev hais lus tsis ncaj, peb siv cov koom haum yog tias lossis seb, uas txhais ua lus Lavxias li "yog". Feem ntau, tib lub ntsiab lus sib txuam ua haujlwm ntawm no raws li cov lus pom zoo.
- Nws nug kuv tias, "Koj puas nyiam zaj movie no?" - Nws nug kuv tias: "Koj puas nyiam zaj movie no?"
- Nws nug kuv seb puas yog kuv nyiam zaj movie no. - Nws nug tias kuv nyiam zaj movie no.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, tsis muaj dab tsi nyuaj: thaum pib peb muab yog lossis seb, thiab tom qab ntawd peb hloov cov sijhawm raws li txoj cai. Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug thaum txhais ua kev hais tsis ncaj kuj zoo ib yam, tab sis yog / tsis yog tshem tawm ntawm no.
- Kuv teb, "Yog, kuv ua". - Kuv hais tias, "Yog, Kuv nyiam nws."
- Kuv teb tias kuv ua. - Kuv hais tias kuv nyiam nws.
cov lus nug tshwj xeeb
Cov lus nug tshwj xeeb xav tau cov lus teb tshwj xeeb, tsis yog "yog" lossis "tsis yog". Txhawm rau txhais cov lus nug no rau hauv kev hais lus tsis ncaj, koj yuav tsum tau muab lo lus nug ntawm qhov pib ntawm subordinate clause, thiab kuj hloov tenses raws li txoj cai.
- Mark nug, "Koj nyob li cas?" - Mark nug "Koj nyob li cas?"
- Mark nug kuv seb kuv nyob li cas. - Mark nug kuv ua li cas.
Thiab lwm qhov piv txwv:
- Kuv niam kuv txiv sawv ntawmkuv thiab nug hais tias, "Hav, Dan, ua li cas koj haus dej ntau?" - Kuv niam kuv txiv sawv ntawm kuv thiab hais tias, "Hav Dan, ua cas koj haus dej ntau?"
- Kuv niam kuv txiv sawv ntawm kuv thiab nug tias vim li cas kuv haus dej ntau heev. - Kuv niam kuv txiv sawv ntawm kuv thiab nug kuv tias vim li cas kuv haus dej ntau.
